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European Heart Journal 1994 15(11):1571-1584;
Copyright © 1994 by the European Society of Cardiology.
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© 1994 The European Society of Cardiology

Coronary heart disease risk factors in women

V. BREZINA*,{dagger}, and I. PADMOS{dagger}

*Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Section of Health Psychology, Leiden University PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, Netherlands
{dagger}Centre for Cardiac Rehabilitation Rijnlands Zeehospitium Postbus 599, 2220 AN KatwijK Netherlands

Received 8 December 1993; revised 2 May 1994; .

Correspondence: Dr Veronika Brezinka, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Section of Health Psychology, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Letden, The Netherlands.

Abstract

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death among women. Reported risk factors for women are smoking, use of oral contraceptives, diabetes, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood lipids, low socio-economic status, low educational attainment, Type A behaviour and chronic troubling emotions. Via an on-line literature search (Medline and Psychlit) all case-control and prospective studies of coronary heart disease risk factors in women have been collected from 1978 to 1993. Smoking remains the most prominent risk factor for myocardial infarction in young women, the risk increasing significantly with the amount of cigarettes smoked Use of modern low-dose oral contraceptives in healthy, non-smoking women does not increase the risk. Oestrogen replacement therapy seems to protect against coronary heart disease, although the reduction in risk may have been over-estimated. Elevated cholesterol and elevated blood pressure are major risk factors, and diabetes seems to have a stronger impact on risk in women than in men. Low socio-economic class is a stronger risk factor for women than for men and the double loads of career and family seem to increase risk for women.

Key Words: Coronary heart disease • women • risk factors • smoking • oral contraceptives • menopause • oestrogen replacement • diabetes • blood pressure • blood lipids • psychosocial factors


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