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European Heart Journal 1994 15(Supplement D):92-97; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/15.suppl_D.92
Copyright © 1994 by the European Society of Cardiology.
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© 1994 The European Society of Cardiology

Regulation of the Angiotensin Receptor Subtypes in Cell Cultures, Animal Models and Human Diseases

V. Regitz-Zagrosek, W. Auch-Schwelk, M. Neuss and E. Fleck

Freie Universitüt Berlin, Universitatklinikum Rudolf Virchow und Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin Innere Medizin, Kardiologie/Angiologie

Correspondence: PD Dr. V. Regitz Zagrosek, Deutschet Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1,13353 Berlin

With the development of subtype specific angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor antagonists and their introduction into the treatment of heart failure and hypertension, the regulation of the Ang II receptor with its subtypes AT1, and Ang T2 gains clinical importance. In cell cultures, the number of surface AT1 is clearly down-regulated by Ang II exposure. Down-regulation can be due to reversible internalization, to phosphorylation and to reduced synthesis and involves protein kinase C and phospholipase C mediated pathways. In this respect, the AT1 behaves as a typical G-protein coupled receptor. Aldosterone, cAMP, norepinephrine and extracellular glucose concentrations can contribute to AT1 regulation.

There are very few data regarding the regulation of the subtype AT2, indicating modulation by a number of growth factors and by Ang II.

In whole animal models receptor regulation deviates partially from cell cultures. In the rat, the two subtypes AT1AandAT1B are differentially regulated and the expression of subtypes is organ specific. In most experiments, including our own experiences, the AT1, in the adrenals, was up-regulated by Ang II infusion and down-regulated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or Ang II receptor antagonists. Differing effects were observed in other organs.

In humans, a number of studies seeking an association between Ang II levels, Ang II receptor regulation and physiological events have been conducted in platelets. In pregnant women, a negative correlation between plasma Ang II levels and Ang II binding and an association between receptor regulation and pregnancy-induced hypertension has been described. Further, receptor subtype distribution and regulation has been investigated in human heart failure. There is good evidence that the subtype AT2 is dominant in human hearts and that AT1 is down-regulated in heart failure. This should further stimulate the search for a physiological role for the AT2 in human hearts.

Key Words: Angiotensin receptor • receptor regulation • heart failure


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