Copyright © 1996 by the European Society of Cardiology.
© 1996 The European Society of Cardiology
Cardiovascular risk factors in relation to educational level in 36 000 men and women in the Netherlands
*Department of Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Center of Public Health Forecasting, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Division of Public Health Research, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Received 10 July 1995; accepted 7 August 1995.
Correspondence: Henri
tte Smit, Department of Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Abstract
The study objective was to describe the associations between socioeconomic status and (concurrence of) cardiovascular risk factors. The Netherlands Monitoring Project on Cardiovascular Risk Factors is a screening project that was carried out from 1987–1991 in three cities. Cross-sectional data were obtained on educational level and on the prevalence of smoking, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and low HDL-cholesterol. A total of 36 000 men and women, aged 20–59 years participated.
For all risk factors, except alcohol intake, a significant inverse association was found with educational level. Concurrence of risk factors was more prevalent in lower educated groups than in higher educated groups, but not more than can be expected under the condition of independence of the risk factors (no clustering).
In conclusion, in the lower educated groups the prevalence of individual risk factors and of concurrence of risk factors was higher than in the higher educated groups. Concurrence of risk factors can have a synergistic effecf on the risk for cardiovascular disease. Therefore socioeconomic differences in risk factors may explain a greater part of the socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than is generally assumed.
Key Words: Cardiovascular disease • risk factors • social class
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K. S. Reddy, D. Prabhakaran, P. Jeemon, K. R. Thankappan, P. Joshi, V. Chaturvedi, L. Ramakrishnan, and F. Ahmed Educational status and cardiovascular risk profile in Indians PNAS, October 9, 2007; 104(41): 16263 - 16268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Regidor, J. L Gutierrez-Fisac, J. R Banegas, V. Dominguez, and F. Rodriguez-Artalejo Association of adult socioeconomic position with hypertension in older people J. Epidemiol. Community Health, January 1, 2006; 60(1): 74 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Braaten, E. Weiderpass, M. Kumle, and E. Lund Explaining the Socioeconomic Variation in Cancer Risk in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2005; 14(11): 2591 - 2597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Lawlor, M. J. O'Callaghan, A. A. Mamun, G. M. Williams, W. Bor, and J. M. Najman Socioeconomic Position, Cognitive Function, and Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescence: Findings From the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and Its Outcomes Psychosom Med, November 1, 2005; 67(6): 862 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Ihlebaek and H. R. Eriksen Myths and perceptions of back pain in the Norwegian population, before and after the introduction of guidelines for acute back pain Scand J Public Health, October 1, 2005; 33(5): 401 - 406. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B Siripaitoon, M Osiri, V Vongthavaravat, S Akkasilpa, and U Deesomchok The prevalence of dyslipoproteinemia in Thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, December 1, 2004; 13(12): 961 - 968. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ebrahim, D. Montaner, and D. A Lawlor Clustering of risk factors and social class in childhood and adulthood in British women's heart and health study: cross sectional analysis BMJ, April 10, 2004; 328(7444): 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ihlebaek and H. R. Eriksen Are the ``myths'' of low back pain alive in the general Norwegian population? Scand J Public Health, October 1, 2003; 31(5): 395 - 398. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-W. Park, S. Zhu, L. Palaniappan, S. Heshka, M. R. Carnethon, and S. B. Heymsfield The Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factor Findings in the US Population From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 Arch Intern Med, February 24, 2003; 163(4): 427 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. de Gaudemaris, T. Lang, G. Chatellier, L. Larabi, V. Lauwers-Cances, A. Maitre, and E. Diene Socioeconomic Inequalities in Hypertension Prevalence and Care: The IHPAF Study Hypertension, June 1, 2002; 39(6): 1119 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Houterman, W. Verschuren, C. Oomen, C. Boersma-Cobbaert, and D Kromhout Trends in total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and their determinants in The Netherlands between 1993 and 1997 Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2001; 30(5): 1063 - 1070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Kilander, L. Berglund, M. Boberg, B. Vessby, and H. Lithell Education, lifestyle factors and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. A 25-year follow-up of Swedish 50-year-old men Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2001; 30(5): 1119 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Benetou, Y. Chloptsios, X. Zavitsanos, D. Karalis, A. Naska, and A. Trichopoulou Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in relation to socioeconomic status in a sample of 11,645 Greek adults: the EPIC study in Greece Scand J Public Health, October 1, 2000; 28(4): 260 - 265. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. T. M. van Rossum, H. van de Mheen, J. C. M. Witteman, A. Hofman, J. P. Mackenbach, and D. E. Grobbee Prevalence, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension by Sociodemographic Factors Among the Dutch Elderly Hypertension, March 1, 2000; 35(3): 814 - 821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. T. M. van Rossum, H. van de Mheen, M. M. B. Breteler, D. E. Grobbee, and J. P. Mackenbach Socioeconomic Differences in Stroke Among Dutch Elderly Women : The Rotterdam Study Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 357 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E.J.M. Cavelaars, A. E. Kunst, and J. P. Mackenbach Socio-economic Differences in Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality in the European Community: An International Comparison J Health Psychol, July 1, 1997; 2(3): 353 - 372. [Abstract]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Paulin, N. H.J. Pijls, B. De Bruyne, and R. F. Wilson Functional Severity of Coronary-Artery Stenoses N. Engl. J. Med., November 28, 1996; 335(22): 1687 - 1688. [Full Text]
|
|