Copyright © 1996 by the European Society of Cardiology.
© 1996 The European Society of Cardiology
Mechanisms of the warm-up phenomenon
Servizio Speciale di Diagnosi e Cura di Emodinamica, Divisione di Cardiochirugia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, European Hospital Rome, Italy
*Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
Divisione di Cardiologia, Ospedale S. Giuseppe Albano Rome, Italy
revised 25 September 1995; accepted 25 October 1995.
Correspondence: Dr Fabrizio Tomai, Divisione di Cardiochirurgia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, European Hospital, via Portuense 700, 00149 Rome, Italy
Abstract
The warm-up phenomenon, described in patients with coronary artery disease, refers to the improved performance following a first exercise test. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of the warm-up phenomenon.
Fifteen patients with coronary artery disease and positive exercise test were enrolled. Patients were off treatment throughout the study. They underwent two consecutive treadmill exercise tests according to the Bruce protocol, with a recovery period of 10 min to re-establish baseline conditions. A third exercise test was then performed 2 h later. Before the onset of ischaemia, the rate-pressure product for a similar degree of workload was similar during the first and second exercise test, while it was lower during the third test (P<0·05). Time to 1·5 mm ST-segment depression during the second and third exercise test was greater than during the first test (454 ± 133 and 410 ± 161 vs 354 ± 127 s, P<0·01, respectively). Similarly, the time to anginal pain onset was increased during the second and third exercise tests, compared to the first test (356 ± 208 and 310 ± 203 vs 257 ± 204s, P<0·0l, respectively). In contrast, rate-pressure product at 1·5 mm ST-segment depression during the second test was higher than that during the first test (232±47 vs 210±39 beats. min–1. mmHg. 102, P<0·0l), while in the third test it was similar to that during the first (209 ± 43 beats. min–1. mmHg. 102, P=ns).
The warm-up phenomenon observed a few minutes after exercise is characterized by an increase of both time to ischaemia and ischaemic threshold; this adaptation to ischaemia may be due to an improvement of myocardial perfusion or to preconditioning. Conversely, the warm-up phenomenon observed a few hours after repeated exercise is characterized by an increase of time to ischaemia but not of ischaemic threshold and is caused by a slower increase of cardiac workload. Thus, the mechanisms of the warm-up phenomenon may be different, time dependent and related to previous training.
Key Words: Ischaemic preconditioning • myocardial ischaemia • training • warm-up phenomenon
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