Copyright © 2000 by the European Society of Cardiology.
The association of resting heart rate with cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality. Eight year follow-up of 3527 male Israeli employees (the CORDIS Study)
a Epidemiology Unit, Occupational Health and Rehabilitation Institute, Raanana
b Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
c Department of Cardiology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel
revised May 25, 1999; accepted May 26, 1999
Abstract
Background Resting heart rate has frequently been shown to be a predictor of coronary heart disease mortality. Elevated heart rate could also be a marker for the presence of other risk factors, which have not been taken into consideration in previous studies.
Objective To evaluate the effect of resting heart rate on the risk of all-cause cardiovascular and cancer mortality, taking into consideration haematological variables.
Method The association between resting heart rate and mortality was assessed applying Cox's proportional hazard models to data obtained in an 8 year follow-up of 3527 Israeli male industrial employees. During this period 135 deaths were recorded, 57 from cardiovascular disease and 45 from cancer. Resting heart rate was assessed at entry; potential confounding demographic, anthropometric and socioeconomic variables, haematological data, serum lipid levels and health-related habits were accounted for.
Results We found that the relative risk of all-cause mortality increased with increasing resting heart rate, workers with resting heart rate >90 beats.min–1had an adjusted relative risk of 2·23 (95%CI 1·4–3·6) compared with those with a heart rate <70 beats.min–1. A similar result was achieved for cardiovascular disease mortality (adjusted relative risk 2·02, 95%CI 1·1–4·0). Cancer mortality was not associated with resting heart rate.
Conclusion This study found that resting heart rate is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality after controlling (in various statistical models) for platelet counts, haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell counts, total protein, and other recognized risk factors.
Key Words: Heart rate, mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, epidemiology, haematology
f1 Correspondence: Dr E. Kristal-Boneh, Rotshild Street 15/1, Kfar Saba 44449, Israel
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