Copyright © 2004 by the European Society of Cardiology.
Clinical research
Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Results of the primary PCI registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausärzte (ALKK)1
a Medizinische Klinik B, Herzzentrum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
b Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
c Medizinische Klinik I, Amper-Klinikum Dachau, Dachau, Germany
d Medi-zinische Klinik II, Klinikum Lippe-Detmold, Detmold, Germany
e Medizinische Klinik 8, Klinikum Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
f Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany
* Correspondence to: Priv. Doz. Dr Uwe Zeymer, FESC, Herzzentrum Ludwigshafen, Medizinische Klinik B, Bremserstrasse 79, D-67063 Ludwigshafen, Germany. Tel: +49 621 503 4045; Fax: +49 621 503 4002
E-mail address: Uwe.Zeymer{at}t-online.de
Received 20 March 2003; revised 14 November 2003; accepted 4 December 2003
Abstract
Aims Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock is associated with an exceedingly high mortality, even if patients are treated with early reperfusion therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of in-hospital mortality of a large cohort of consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Methods and results Between July 1994 and March 2001 all interventions performed in 80 centres in Germany were prospectively entered into the primary PCI registry of the ALKK. A total of 9422 procedures were registered, of these 1333 (14.2%) were performed in patients with cardiogenic shock. Total in-hospital mortality was 46.1% and was dependent on TIMI flow grade after PCI, with mortality rates of 78.2%, 66.1% and 37.4% in patients with TIMI 0/1, TIMI 2 and TIMI 3 flow, respectively. In a multivariate analysis left main disease, TIMI <3 flow after PCI, older age, three-vessel disease and longer time-intervals between symptom onset and PCI were significant independent predictors of mortality. The relative number of PCIs performed in patients with cardiogenic shock did not change significantly from 1995–2000. There was a significant decrease in mortality over the years (P for trend 0.02).
Conclusions In-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock remains high, even with early interventional therapy. However, our data demonstrate that the PCI in these high-risk patients is feasible in a wide spectrum of community hospitals with acceptable success rates. Our results seen in connection with the results of the randomized SHOCK study advocate an early invasive approach in younger patients with cardiogenic shock, while the best strategy in elderly patients is still a matter of debate.
Key Words: Cardiogenic shock • Acute myocardialinfarction • Angioplasty • Stents
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