Copyright © 2004 by the European Society of Cardiology.
Clinical research
Exercise versus recovery electrocardiography in predicting mortality in patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction
a CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
b Cardiovascular Unit, "Campo di Marte" Hospital, Lucca, Italy
c Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Italy
d Department of Cardiology, "S. Paolo" Academic Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-02-64442605; fax: +39-02-66116990/6691909
E-mail address: rbigi{at}tiscali.it
Received 17 September 2003; revised 27 January 2004; accepted 5 February 2004
Abstract
Background Exercise testing after acute myocardial infarction has limited prognostic accuracy. We prospectively used stress-recovery, heart rate-adjusted, ST-segment analysis to predict cardiac death in this clinical setting.
Methods The stress-recovery index, defined as the difference in absolute values of the areas designated by ST depression in the heart-rate domain during exercise and recovery, was derived in 708 survivors of a first myocardial infarction. To assess whether it contributed additional prognostic information to routinely obtained information, clinical data, resting ejection fraction, and exercise testing data were entered into a sequential Cox model; the stress-recovery index was entered last. Model validation was performed by bootstrapping adjusted for the degree of optimism in estimates. Survival curves were set up using Kaplan–Meier analysis and compared by the log-rank test.
Results Hypertension (OR 1.3, 95%CI 0.9–4.6), exercise capacity (OR 0.6, 95%CI 0.3–1.1 for the interquartile difference in kilopounds per minute), and the stress-recovery index (OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.5–0.9 for the interquartile difference) were independent predictors of cardiac death at a median follow-up of 32 months. However, the stress-recovery index enhanced the prognostic power of the model on top of clinical and exercise testing variables in all diagnostic subgroups according to ST-segment analysis and significantly discriminated survival. A simple nomogram was generated from the fitted Cox model to estimate risk in individual patients.
Conclusions Stress-recovery, heart rate-adjusted, ST-segment analysis predicts cardiac death after acute myocardial infarction and provides additional prognostic information over clinical and exercise testing data.
Key Words: Exercise electrocardiography • Coronary artery disease • Stress testing • Prognosis • Myocardial infarction
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