European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on June 9, 2005
European Heart Journal 2005 26(18):1923-1929; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi329
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Psychological distress and cardiovascular disease: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey
1Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Ohio State University School of Public Health, B-116 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
2Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
Received 14 November 2004; revised 19 April 2005; accepted 22 April 2005; online publish-ahead-of-print 9 June 2005.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +1 614 293 4387; fax: +1 614 293 3937. E-mail address: aferketich{at}sph.osu.edu
See page 1820 for the editorial comment on this article (doi:10.1093/eurheart/ehi415)
Aims The objective of this study was to examine the burden of psychological distress among individuals with different forms of heart disease in a large representative sample of adults.
Methods and results Data were obtained from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, which is a large annual survey of the US non-institutionalized civilian population. Psychological distress was assessed with a standardized questionnaire (K6) and heart disease diagnoses were based on self-report. Among non-diseased individuals, the estimated prevalence of psychological distress was 2.8%, whereas the estimates were 10, 6.4, and 4.1% among those with congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively. Over 1 million individuals with one or more of these conditions are estimated to experience psychological distress. However, only 31–35% of the participants with heart disease and psychological distress have visited a mental health professional. The logistic regression model results indicate that MI (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4–3.0) and CHF (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8–5.1) are significantly associated with psychological distress.
Conclusion These findings imply that psychological distress is a significant comorbidity of cardiovascular disease. Other investigations have demonstrated a link between psychological distress and morbidity and mortality. Taken together, these findings provide the impetus for future investigations that assess the role that a medical and mental health care professional intervention may have in altering these outcomes when targeted at this distress.
Key Words: Psychological distress • Mental health • Heart failure • Myocardial infarction
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