European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on August 25, 2005
European Heart Journal 2005 26(23):2537-2542; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi456
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C-reactive protein, depressed mood, and the prediction of coronary heart disease in initially healthy men: results from the MONICA–KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998
1GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
2Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of München, Germany
3Department of Internal Medicine II—Cardiology, University of Ulm, Germany
Received 3 December 2004; revised 15 July 2005; accepted 25 July 2005; online publish-ahead-of-print 25 August 2005.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +49 89 3187 3623; fax: +49 89 3187 3667. E-mail address: ladwig{at}gsf.de
Aims C-reactive protein and depressive mood (DM) are novel risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). The goal of the present study was to assess possible combined effects of these factors on the prediction of a future fatal and non-fatal coronary event.
Methods and results Baseline highly sensitive (hs) C-reactive protein and DM were analysed in 3021 apparently healthy male subjects aged 45–74 from three subsequent population based surveys (1984–95) of the MONICA–KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. During a median follow-up period of 7.7 years (IQR=6.9 years), 165 CHD events occurred. Risks of CHD were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age and survey and multiple risk factors. The age and survey adjusted interaction term of continuous hs-C-reactive protein by DM disclosed a significant effect (HR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00–1.06; P=0.037). A stratified analysis of subpopulations with (n=986) and without (n=2035) DM revealed that high hs-C-reactive protein (>3 mg/L) was predictive in the group with DM (HR 2.69; 95% CI 1.32–5.47) but was not significant in the low-level depression group (HR 1.55; 95% CI 0.89–2.69). Relative to the low C-reactive protein/no depression subgroup (n=712), high C-reactive protein/no depression (n=565) did not significantly predict a future CHD event. However, combined high C-reactive protein and DM (n=282) significantly predicted future CHD events (HR 2.91; 95% CI 1.25–2.18; P>0.0001).
Conclusion In apparently healthy men, a DM substantially increases the power of elevated C-reactive protein to predict a subsequent myocardial infarction. Both conditions may share a common underlying mechanism.
Key Words: Myocardial infarction • C-reactive protein • Prediction • Depressed mood
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