European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on June 22, 2007
European Heart Journal 2007 28(14):1750-1758; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm212
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Angiographic estimates of myocardium at risk during acute myocardial infarction: validation study using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Received 10 February 2007; revised 9 April 2007; accepted 3 May 2007; online publish-ahead-of-print 22 June 2007.
* Corresponding author. Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Stairs number 3, 4th floor, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. Tel: +34 932275509/ext. 2220; fax: +34 932275509. E-mail address: jortiz{at}comb.es
See page 1670 for the editorial comment on this article (doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm213)
Aims: Global angiographic scores have been developed to determine the extent of myocardium jeopardized by significant coronary stenosis. We adapted these scores to quantify the anatomic area at risk during acute myocardial infarction. We used contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (CMR) infarct imaging to measure the portion of myocardium that developed necrosis within the so defined angiographic area at risk.
Methods and results: In 83 subjects presenting for primary percutaneous intervention, the myocardium at risk was estimated angiographically using the Myocardial Jeopardy Index (BARI) and a modified version of the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) scores. CMR was performed within a week to measure infarct size, infarct endocardial surface area (infarct-ESA), and infarct transmurality. As infarct transmurality increased, the infarct size closely approximated the myocardium at risk by angiography. In 35 subjects with transmural infarcts, the area at risk by BARI and APPROACH scores matched the infarct size (r = 0.90 and r = 0.92, P < 0.001). Additionally, BARI and APPROACH scores matched the infarct-ESA in all subjects independently of collateral flow and time to reperfusion (r = 0.90 and r = 0.87, P < 0.001). The presence of early reperfusion, collaterals, or both was associated with a progressive decrease in infarct transmurality (P < 0.001 for trend) with no difference in the infarct-ESA.
Conclusion: The myocardium at risk of infarction can be determined angiographically as validated in subjects with transmural myocardial infarcts. Salvage provided by early reperfusion or collaterals occurs by limiting infarct transmurality, thereby the extent of endocardial infarct involved also allows estimation of the myocardium at risk in patients presenting with STEMI.
Key Words: Myocardial infarction • Area at risk • Coronary angiography • Collaterals • Time to reperfusion • Cardiac magnetic resonance
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