Copyright © 2004 by the European Society of Cardiology.
ESC Guidelines
Guidelines on Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis Executive Summary
The Task Force on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology
Task Force Members,
ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG),
Document Reviewers,
* Corresponding author: Chairperson: Dieter Horstkotte, MD, FESC, Professor and Head Department of Cardiology, Heart Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany. Tel.: +49-5731-971258; Fax: +49-5731-972194
E-mail address: akohlstaedt@hdz-nrw.de
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
Table of contents
- Preamble
- Introduction
- Definitions, terminology
- Prevention of infective endocarditis
- Cardiac condit
- Patient-related non-cardiac conditions
- Predisposing diagnostic and therapeuticinterventions
- Prophylactic antibiotic regimens
- Diagnosis
- History, symptoms, signs and laboratory tests
- Echocardiography
- Standard blood culture techniques
- Culture-negative endocarditis (CNE)
- Treatment and management
- Antimicrobial therapy
- Drug level monitoring
- Empirical therapy
- Special subsets
- Management of complications
- Surgery for active NVE
- Surgery for active PVE
- Postoperative antibiotic treatment
- List of Abbreviations
- Further Reading
- Introduction
1. Preamble
Guidelines and Expert Consensus documents aim to present all the relevant evidence on a particular issue in order to help physicians to weigh the benefits and risks of a particular diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. They should be helpful in everyday clinical decision-making.
A great number of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents have been issued in recent years by different organizations, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and by other related societies. By means of links to web sites of National Societies several hundred guidelines
2. Introduction
3. Definitions, terminology
4. Prevention of infective endocarditis
4.1. Cardiac conditions/patients at risk
4.2. Patient-related non-cardiac conditions
4.3. Predisposing diagnostic and therapeutic interventions
5. Prophylactic antibiotic regimens
6. Diagnosis
6.1. History, symptoms, signs and laboratory tests
6.2. Echocardiography
6.3. Standard blood culture techniques
6.4. Culture-negative endocarditis (CNE)
7. Treatment and management
7.1. Antimicrobial therapy
7.2. Drug level monitoring
7.3. Empirical therapy
7.4. Special subsets
8. Management of Complications
9. Surgery for active NVE
10. Surgery for active PVE
10.1. Postoperative antibiotic treatment
11. List of Abbreviations
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 E. Ruttmann, J. Willeit, H. Ulmer, O. Chevtchik, D. Hofer, W. Poewe, G. Laufer, and L. C. Muller Neurological Outcome of Septic Cardioembolic Stroke After Infective Endocarditis Stroke, August 1, 2006; 37(8): 2094 - 2099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B D Prendergast The changing face of infective endocarditis Heart, July 1, 2006; 92(7): 879 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. K. Gould, T. S. J. Elliott, J. Foweraker, M. Fulford, J. D. Perry, G. J. Roberts, J. A. T. Sandoe, and R. W. Watkin Guidelines for the prevention of endocarditis: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy J. Antimicrob. Chemother., June 1, 2006; 57(6): 1035 - 1042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J B Chambers, J L Klein, S R Bennett, M J Monaghan, and J C Roxburgh Is antibiotic prophylaxis ever necessary before transoesophageal echocardiography? Heart, April 1, 2006; 92(4): 435 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Singh, C. D. Joyner, and D. A. Alter The importance of echocardiography in physicians' support of endocarditis prophylaxis. Arch Intern Med, March 13, 2006; 166(5): 549 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A.J. Todd, S.J. Leslie, M. MacDougall, and M.A. Denvir Clinical features remain important for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in the modern era QJM, January 1, 2006; 99(1): 23 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Habib Management of infective endocarditis Heart, January 1, 2006; 92(1): 124 - 130. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. G. Butchart, C. Gohlke-Barwolf, M. J. Antunes, P. Tornos, R. De Caterina, B. Cormier, B. Prendergast, B. Iung, H. Bjornstad, C. Leport, et al. Recommendations for the management of patients after heart valve surgery Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2005; 26(22): 2463 - 2471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Perry and on behalf of the Working Party of the British Soci Endocarditis guidelines: authors' response J. Antimicrob. Chemother., August 1, 2005; 56(2): 432 - 433. [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Thuny, G. Disalvo, O. Belliard, J.-F. Avierinos, V. Pergola, V. Rosenberg, J.-P. Casalta, J. Gouvernet, G. Derumeaux, D. Iarussi, et al. Risk of Embolism and Death in Infective Endocarditis: Prognostic Value of Echocardiography: A Prospective Multicenter Study Circulation, July 5, 2005; 112(1): 69 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Pelliccia, R. Fagard, H. H. Bjornstad, A. Anastassakis, E. Arbustini, D. Assanelli, A. Biffi, M. Borjesson, F. Carre, D. Corrado, et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: A consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2005; 26(14): 1422 - 1445. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G Habib, C Tribouilloy, F Thuny, R Giorgi, A Brahim, M Amazouz, J-P Remadi, G Nadji, J-P Casalta, F Coviaux, et al. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: who needs surgery? A multicentre study of 104 cases Heart, July 1, 2005; 91(7): 954 - 959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K Niwa, M Nakazawa, S Tateno, M Yoshinaga, and M Terai Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease: Japanese national collaboration study Heart, June 1, 2005; 91(6): 795 - 800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P Tornos, B Iung, G Permanyer-Miralda, G Baron, F Delahaye, C. Gohlke-Barwolf, E G Butchart, P Ravaud, and A Vahanian Infective endocarditis in Europe: lessons from the Euro heart survey Heart, May 1, 2005; 91(5): 571 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. A. Goetz, A. Liebold, and D. E. Birnbaum Reply to Chatzis et al. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2005; 27(4): 729 - 729. [Full Text] [PDF]
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