European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on September 17, 2008
European Heart Journal 2008 29(19):2388-2442; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn309
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© The European Society of Cardiology 2008. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008
The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
Authors/Task Force Members,
(Norway)
(France)
(Greece)
(UK)
(Poland)
(UK)
(Sweden)
(The Netherlands)
(Norway)
(The Netherlands)
(Israel)
(France)
(Finland)
(Italy)
(Sweden)
ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG),
(France)
(UK)
(Italy)
(France)
(Norway)
(Greece)
(France)
(The Netherlands)
(Denmark)
(France)
(Germany)
(Germany)
(Poland)
(Czech Republic)
(Spain)
Document Reviewers,
(Poland)
(Switzerland)
(The Netherlands)
(Germany)
(Italy)
(Italy)
(UK)
(Switzerland)
(USA)
(Israel)
(Sweden)
(The Netherlands)
(France)
(Israel)
(Italy)
(UK)
(Italy)
(Belgium)
(The Netherlands)
(Spain)
(France)
* Corresponding author. Chairperson: Kenneth Dickstein, University of Bergen, Cardiology Division, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4011 Stavanger, Norway. Tel: +47 51519453, Fax: +47 51 519921. Email: kenneth.dickstein@med.uib.no
Important note: The originally published version contained errors in Table 22 on p. 2412. This version has been corrected and the errors are identified in red. 
These guidelines were first published on the European Society of Cardiology Web Site on 30 August 2008. This article has been copublished in the European Journal of Heart Failure, doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.08.005.The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC.
Disclaimer. The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were arrived at after careful
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Preamble |
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Introduction |
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Heart failure guidelines
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Definition and diagnosis |
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Definition of heart failure
Descriptive terms in heart failure
Acute and chronic heart failure
Systolic vs. diastolic heart failure
Other descriptive terms in heart failure
Epidemiology
Aetiology of heart failure
Diagnosis of heart failure
Symptoms and signs of heart failure
The causes of symptoms in heart failure
Symptoms and severity of heart failure
Algorithm for the diagnosis of heart failure
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Diagnostic techniques |
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Diagnostic tests in heart failure
Electrocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Laboratory tests
Natriuretic peptides
Troponins
Neurohormonal markers
Echocardiography
Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function
Assessment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF)
Transoesophageal echocardiography
Stress echocardiography
Additional non-invasive imaging tests
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)
CT scan
Radionuclide ventriculography
Pulmonary function tests
Exercise testing
Ambulatory ECG monitoring (Holter)
Cardiac catheterization
Coronary angiography
Right heart catheterization
Endomyocardial biopsy
Prognosis
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Non-pharmacological management |
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Self-care management
Adherence to treatment
Key evidence
Symptom recognition
Weight monitoring
Diet and nutrition
Sodium intake
Fluid intake
Alcohol
Weight reduction
Unintentional weight loss
Smoking
Immunization
Activity and exercise training
Sexual activity
Pregnancy and contraception
Travelling
Sleep disorders
Depression and mood disorders
Prognosis
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Pharmacological therapy |
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Objectives in the management of heart failure
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
Key evidence
Which patients should get an ACEI?
Contraindications
How to use an ACEI in heart failure (Table 20)
Initiation of an ACEI
Dose up-titration
Potential adverse effects
β-Blockers
Key evidence
Which patients should get a β-blocker?
Contraindications
How to use a β-blocker in heart failure (Table 20)
Initiation of a β-blocker
Dose up-titration
Potential adverse effects
Aldosterone antagonists
Key evidence
Patients who should get an aldosterone antagonist
Contraindications
How to use spironolactone (or eplerenone) in heart failure (Table 20)
Initiation of spironolactone (or eplerenone)
Dose up-titration
Potential adverse effects
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
Key evidence
Patients who should get an angiotensin receptor blocker
Contraindications
How to use an angiotensin receptor blocker in heart failure (Table 20)
Initiation of an ARB
Dose up-titration
Potential adverse effects
Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate (H-ISDN)
Key evidence
Patients who should get hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate
Contraindications
How to use hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate in heart failure
Initiation
Dose up-titration
Potential adverse effects
Digoxin
Key evidence
Digoxin in patients with HF and atrial fibrillation
Digoxin in patients with HF, LVEF
40%, and sinus rhythmPatients with heart failure who should get digoxin
Atrial fibrillation
Sinus rhythm
Contraindications
How to use digoxin in heart failure
Initiation of digoxin
Potential adverse effects
Diuretics (Table 21)
Key points
Diuretics and ACEIs/ARBs/aldosterone antagonists
How to use diuretics in heart failure
Initiation of diuretic therapy
Diuretic dosages (Table 22)
Other drugs used to treat cardiovascular co-morbidity in patients with heart failure
Anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists)
Key evidence
Antiplatelet agents
Key evidence
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (‘statins’)
Key evidence
Management of patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFPEF)
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Devices and surgery |
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Revascularization procedures, valvular and ventricular surgery
Revascularization in patients with heart failure
Key evidence
Evaluation for coronary artery disease in heart failure patients with unknown coronary artery status
Coronary angiography
Detection of viable myocardium
Valvular surgery
Aortic valve surgery
Aortic stenosis (AS)
Surgery
Aortic regurgitation (AR)
Surgery
Key evidence
Mitral valve surgery
Mitral regurgitation (MR)
Surgery
Organic mitral regurgitation
Surgery
Functional mitral regurgitation
Surgery
Ischaemic mitral regurgitation
Surgery
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR)
Left ventricular aneurysmectomy
Cardiomyoplasty
External ventricular restoration
Pacemakers
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) (Table 23)
Key evidence
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) (Table 23)
Key evidence
Heart transplantation, ventricular assist devices, and artificial hearts
Heart transplantation
Key points
Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and artificial hearts
Key evidence
Ultrafiltration
Key evidence
Remote monitoring
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Arrhythmias in heart failure |
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Atrial fibrillation (Table 24)
Pharmacological rate control during atrial fibrillation (see section Pharmacological therapy)
Prevention of thromboembolism (see section Pharmacological therapy)
Rhythm control
Ventricular arrhythmias
Patients with heart failure and symptomatic VA (see section Devices and Surgery)
Bradycardia
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Co-morbidities and special populations |
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Arterial hypertension (Table 25)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Key points
Management of DM in patients with HF
Renal dysfunction
Key points
Management of heart failure patients with renal dysfunction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Key points
Anaemia
Cachexia
Gout
Adults with congenital heart disease
The elderly
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Acute heart failure |
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Definition
Clinical classification
Prognosis
Diagnosis of acute heart failure
Initial evaluation
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Chest X-ray
Arterial blood gas analysis
Laboratory tests
Natriuretic peptides
Echocardiography
Instrumentation and monitoring of patients in acute heart failure
Non-invasive monitoring
Invasive monitoring
Arterial line
Central venous lines
Pulmonary artery catheter
Coronary angiography
Organization of acute heart failure treatment
Management
Oxygen
Non-invasive ventilation
Indications
Key points
Contraindications
How to use non-invasive ventilation
Initiation
Duration
Potential adverse effects
Morphine and its analogues in acute heart failure
Loop diuretics
Indications
Key points
How to use a loop diuretic in acute heart failure
Combination with other diuretics
Potential adverse effects of loop diuretics
Vasopressin antagonists
Vasodilators
Indications
Key points
How to use vasodilators in AHF
Potential adverse effects
Inotropic agents (Table 30)
Indications for inotropic therapy
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Milrinone and enoximone
Levosimendan
Vasopressors
Cardiac glycosides
Algorithm for acute heart failure management
Management of patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure treated with β-blockers and ACEIs/ARBs
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Implementation and delivery of care |
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Heart failure management programmes
Key evidence
Palliative care for patients with heart failure
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Gaps in evidence |
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Diagnosis and co-morbidity
Non-pharmacological, non-interventional therapy
Pharmacological therapy
In patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction
Intervention
Devices
Arrhythmias
Acute heart failure
Implementation
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Glossary |
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Footnotes |
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References |
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CiteULike 
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2009 WRITING GROUP TO REVIEW NEW EVIDENCE AND UPDA, M. Jessup, W. T. Abraham, D. E. Casey, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, P. S. Rahko, et al. 2009 Focused Update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation, April 14, 2009; 119(14): 1977 - 2016. [Full Text] [PDF]
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2005 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, et al. 2009 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation, April 14, 2009; 119(14): e391 - e479. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. O'Connor, D. J. Whellan, K. L. Lee, S. J. Keteyian, L. S. Cooper, S. J. Ellis, E. S. Leifer, W. E. Kraus, D. W. Kitzman, J. A. Blumenthal, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Exercise Training in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: HF-ACTION Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, April 8, 2009; 301(14): 1439 - 1450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-U. Voigt Rocking will tell it Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2009; 30(8): 885 - 886. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R Dalzell {beta} blockers and decompensated heart failure BMJ, March 9, 2009; 338(mar09_2): b955 - b955. [Full Text]
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O. Dar, J. Riley, C. Chapman, S. W. Dubrey, S. Morris, S. D. Rosen, M. Roughton, and M. R. Cowie A randomized trial of home telemonitoring in a typical elderly heart failure population in North West London: results of the Home-HF study Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2009; 11(3): 319 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Erdmann Safety and tolerability of beta-blockers: prejudices and reality Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2009; 11(suppl_A): A21 - A25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Willenheimer The current role of beta-blockers in chronic heart failure: with special emphasis on the CIBIS III trial Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2009; 11(suppl_A): A15 - A20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gheorghiade and P. S. Pang Acute heart failure syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 17, 2009; 53(7): 557 - 573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Metra, L. Dei Cas, and B. M. Massie Treatment of heart failure in the elderly: never say it's too late Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2009; 30(4): 391 - 393. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Dickstein ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: application of natriuretic peptides: reply Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2009; 30(3): 383 - 383. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Pfister and C. A. Schneider ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: application of natriuretic peptides Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2009; 30(3): 382 - 383. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. C Kelder, F. H Rutten, and A. W Hoes Clinically relevant diagnostic research in primary care: the example of B-type natriuretic peptides in the detection of heart failure Fam. Pract., February 1, 2009; 26(1): 69 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. D. Schuijf, N. R. Van de Veire, E. E. van der Wall, and J. J. Bax CHAPTER 3 Choice of Imaging Techniques ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Zannad, P. Bousquet, and L. Monassier CHAPTER 11 Clinical Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Drugs ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. McMurray, M. Petrie, K. Swedberg, M. Komajda, S. Anker, and R. Gardner CHAPTER 23 Heart Failure ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Authors/Task Force Members, F. Van de Werf, J. Bax, A. Betriu, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, F. Crea, V. Falk, G. Filippatos, K. Fox, K. Huber, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology: Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2008; 29(23): 2909 - 2945. [Full Text] [PDF]
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