European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on June 7, 2006
European Heart Journal 2006 27(15):1884; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl077
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Dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary flow reserve
Division of Cardiology
Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences
Centro ‘V. Gallucci’
University of Padova-Policlinico
Via Giustiniani, 2
35128 Padova
Italy
Tel: +39 49 8212348
Fax: +39 49 876 1764
E-mail address: francescotona{at}hotmail.com
We read with interest the article by Rigo et al.1 about the prognostic impact of coronary flow reserve (CFR) by Doppler echocardiography in dilated cardiomyopathy. The authors conclude that in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, the prognostic role of impaired microvascular CFR has been shown to be unfavourable. In our opinion, some points of this work are not completely clear.
First of all, it is not correct to diagnose an idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy only upon exclusion of ischaemic heart disease after coronary angiography. Authors excluded patients with myocarditis. How can they exclude myocarditis without performing endomyocardial biopsies? Myocarditis is only diagnosed by established histopathological, histochemical, or molecular criteria on endomyocardial biopsy.2 Clinical suspicion may be raised by global left ventricular dysfunction, acute congestive heart failure, or cardiogenic shock associated with left ventricular dilatation and/or segmental wall motion abnormalities. When myocarditis is suspected clinically, an endomyocardial biopsy may resolve an otherwise ambiguous situation by virtue of diagnostic inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis (i.e. the Dallas criteria). The diagnostic yield of myocardial biopsies is enhanced substantially by molecular analysis with DNA–RNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the viral genome. Moreover, it is recognized that patients with biopsy-proven inflammatory infiltrates have a diminished CFR due to reduced coronary vasodilator capacity.3 Experimental data also showed that CFR measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is reduced in coxsackievirus myocarditis in mice.4 Low CFR is associated with progressive heart failure indicating that dysfunction of coronary circulation is a determinant of poor outcome in viral myocarditis.3 Therefore, we think that endomyocardial biopsy should be performed in order to exclude myocarditis. The event-free survival in the group of patients with a CFR>2 is nearly 100% in the first 3 years; this could be due to high incidence of myocarditis in this patients group and higher proportion of subjects with a spontaneous recovery. It would have been very interesting to have a second measurement of CFR in the follow-up period. Did the authors see a CFR improvement in this patients group? Secondarily, the CFR cutpoint of >2 is arbitrary; in fact, it is took on loan from ischaemic heart disease, in which it has the best accuracy as a predictor of significant LAD stenosis.5 To the best of our knowledge, there are no data dealing with the optimal CFR cutoff in identifying worse prognosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. To test the predictive discrimination of patients with and without events, ROC curve analysis should have been generated.
Moreover, a high proportion of patients suffered from hypertension and diabetes, two conditions that must be excluded to diagnose an idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy2 and that are known to influence CFR.6,7
Finally, the CFR impairment in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure could be due to many haemodynamic features;8 it is highly speculative to highlight a microvascular origin for CFR impairment. A multivariate analysis for CFR determinants in this patient should be performed, including also histopathological evidence of microvasculature damage.
In conclusion, we think that the article by Rigo et al. is very interesting for its prognostic impact, but contains some limitations that do not allow to provide comprehensive evidence for CFR as non-invasive prognostic tool in dilated cardiomyopathy. Further longitudinal studies, in larger patient cohorts with better characterized idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, are warranted.
References
- Rigo F, Gherardi S, Galderisi M, Pratali L, Cortigiani L, Sicari R, Picano E. (2006) The prognostic impact of coronary flow-reserve assessed by Doppler echocardiography in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi795.
- Richardson P, McKenna WJ, Bristow M, Maisch B, Muntner B, O'Connell J, Olsen E, Thiene G, Goodwin J, Gyarfas I, Martin I, Nordet P. (1996) Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93:841–842.
[Free Full Text] - Klein RM, Schwartzkopff B, Gabbert HE, Strauer BE. (2003) Diminished coronary reserve in patients with biopsy-proven inflammatory infiltrates. Cardiology 100:120–128.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Saraste A, Kyto V, Saraste M, Vuorinen T, Hartiala J, Saukko P. (2006) Coronary flow reserve and heart failure in experimental coxsackievirus myocarditis. A transthoracic Doppler echocardiography study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01375.2005.
- Caiati C, Montaldo C, Zedda N, Bina A, Iliceto S. (1999) New noninvasive method for coronary flow reserve assessment: contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler. Circulation 99:771–778.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Youn HJ, Ihm SH, Lee JM, Park CS, Cho EJ, Jung HO, Jeon HK, Oh YS, Chung WS, Kim JH, Choi KB, Hong SJ. (2006) Relation between flow reserve capacity of penetrating intramyocardial coronary arteries and myocardial fibrosis in hypertension: study using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19:373–378.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Ragosta M, Samady H, Isaacs RB, Gimple LW, Sarembock IJ, Powers ER. (2004) Coronary flow reserve abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus who have end-stage renal disease and normal epicardial coronary arteries. Am Heart J 147:1017–1023.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Vanderheyden M, Bartunek J, Verstreken S, Mortier L, Goethals M, de Bruyne B. (2005) Non-invasive assessment of coronary flow reserve in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: hemodynamic correlations. Eur J Echocardiogr 6:47–53.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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