European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on November 22, 2006
European Heart Journal 2006 27(24):3073; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl383
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Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Cardiology Department
The Heart Hospital
16–18 Westmoreland Street
London W1G 8PH
UK
Tel: +44-207 573 8888
Fax: +44-207 573 8838
E-mail address: pelliott{at}doctors.org.uk
Servicio de Cardiologia
Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca
Murcia
Spain
Cardiology Department
The Heart Hospital
London
UK
Cardiology Department
The Heart Hospital
London
UK
We thank Maron et al. for their editorial on our paper.1,2
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a capricious disorder, characterized by heterogeneity at all levels. Together with its relative rarity, this has resulted in a dearth of evidence-based practice. The authors suggest that cardiologists rely on guidance from a few major centres and imply that our paper is out of step with expert consensus. Unfortunately, in their effort to prevent overenthusiastic interpretation of our study, the authors create the impression that there are widely divergent approaches to risk stratification even within the expert community.
It is accepted that the annual sudden death risk for most asymptomatic patients with mild-to-moderate hypertrophy is very low. There is a general agreement that particular clinical features are associated with an increased risk.3 The challenge is the relatively low-positive predictive accuracy of these risk factors. One solution is to model survival as a function of the number of risk markers.4 In our experience, this approach identifies a cohort of patients with an annual sudden death risk of 3% or more. In an abstract quoted by the authors, 13% (not 40% as stated) of patients with one or more than one risk factors and an ICD had appropriate shocks—the annual risk was 4%, very similar to that predicted by our model.5
The authors suggest that we promulgate the idea that only patients with two or more risk factors should be considered for an ICD. In our original paper, we have stated, ‘...Therapeutic recommendations for patients with single risk factors remain speculative, and further work on individual risk factors is necessary to determine if and when prophylactic therapy is indicated.’4 We recognize that there are circumstances in which implantation of an ICD in patients with a solitary risk factor might be appropriate—for example, in the presence of a very malignant family history—but it is important to acknowledge that the decision to implant is not based on robust data.
The observation that resting left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) is associated with an adverse outcome is not new. The novel findings in our study are that the risk of sudden death associated with LVOTO increases with gradient severity and is higher in the presence of other risk markers. The question raised by this and previous publications is how should we clinically respond to a large resting gradient?
LVOTO differs from most other risk factors in that it is modifiable. In all patients with moderate-to-severe LVOTO, careful evaluation of symptoms and exercise tolerance identifies those individuals in whom invasive gradient reduction is appropriate. When no symptomatic indications for intervention exist, we believe that the current evidence base supports consideration of an ICD in patients with severe LVOTO and other clinically significant risk factors. At present, we do not believe that the data support the use of potentially harmful invasive techniques to reduce gradients in asymptomatic patients.
In summary, we believe that it is more useful to patients to establish the common ground between experts. Surely it is time for physicians with an interest in this disease to work together to design prospective studies.
References
- Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Tome MT, Shah J, Ward D, Thaman R, Mogensen J, McKenna WJ. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Published online ahead of print June 5 2006.
- Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS. The dilemma of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: do patients with gradients really deserve prophylactic defibrillators? Eur Heart J Published online ahead of print July 3 2006.
- Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH III, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED. (2003) American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:1687–1713.
[Free Full Text] - Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S, Sharma S, Monserrat L, Varnava A, Mahon NG, McKenna WJ. (2000) Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:2212–2218.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Maron BJ, Spirito P, Haas TS, for the ICD in HCM Investigators. (2005) Efficacy of the implantable defibrillator for prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: data from the international registry of 506 high risk patients (Abstract). Circulation 112:Suppl. II, 531.
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  R. A. Nishimura and S. R. Ommen Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Sudden Death, and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators: How Low the Bar? JAMA, July 25, 2007; 298(4): 452 - 454. [Full Text] [PDF]
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