European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on September 7, 2007
European Heart Journal 2007 28(20):2552; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm352
Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary atherosclerosis: weak or strong relations?
Department of Family Medicine
Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California
12335 Santa Monica Boulevard Suite 200
Los Angeles
CA 90025
USA
Department of Preventive Medicine
Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health
Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California
CA, USA
Tel: +1 310 566 7050 Fax: +1 310 566 7057 E-mail address: jbarth{at}usc.edu
We would like to respond to a recent article by Bots et al.1 We agree with the authors' conclusion that there is a relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) with coronary atherosclerosis. However, significant progress has been made in the analysis of IMT and lesions since the time many of these studies were conducted. Furthermore, the predictability of event risk has evolved from large epidemiological prediction to individual prediction.
In the beginning, this group recognized the importance of IMT by itself to predict stroke and myocardial infarction on a population scale.2 Nevertheless, in 2007, the analysis method has clearly evolved since the quoted studies were performed. For example, the authors previously published an article on a related topic3 and the letter to the editor by Barth et al.4 addressed similar issues. The response to that letter by Bots et al. stated that ‘our CIMT measurement predicts future disease in a magnitude similar to that of population based studies that use either manual tracings or automated edge detection tracings.’ A fully automated individualized analysis method is now possible and may, given a long-term sequential database, lead to an individual predictability that was not previously available.
Additionally, the fact that the authors are not dealing with all aspects of carotid ultrasound and coronary angiography and the incomplete use of the literature in their meta-analysis5 may explain, in part, their conclusions. Coronary angiography focuses on the lumen and is generally performed in symptomatic/advanced disease populations, whereas with IMT HeartScan, lesion detection and tissue typing are usually performed in an asymptomatic population. Only considering what is happening in the lumen to assess the disease and not the wall is debatable. Further, the importance of lesion detection as indicated by Spence6 further underscores that, although in large population studies manual or automated edge detection tracings may demonstrate a relationship, it fails to assess lesions or plaque composition, resulting in low confidence of event predictability on an individual basis. Measuring the area of such lesions, particularly when assessing progression, is much more informative than measuring the thickness alone, because plaque progresses along the carotid artery 
2.4 times faster than it thickens.7 In a prospective study,8 a risk score based on age, blood pressure, smoking, and cholesterol predicted only 32% of patients with vascular events over a 5-year period, whereas 77% of events occurred among patients in the top quartile of plaque area.
Finally, the clinical relevance and long-term follow-up in different ethnic and age groups of IMT measurements in combination with plaque formation underscores the importance of current advances in IMT technology.5,6 Our large database can reliably predict on an individual basis the likelihood of a cardiovascular complication within several years if no intervention is performed. The SHAPE report highlights the importance of an initial IMT measurement for clinical follow-up.9 Quantitative IMT in combination with lesion detection and plaque composition assessment is used widely in clinical settings with great predictability on an individual basis for cardiovascular outcomes.
References
- Bots ML, Baldassarre D, Simon A, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary atherosclerosis: weak or strong relations? Eur Heart J (2007) 28:398–406.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulatio (1997) 96:1432–1437.
- Del Sol AI, Moons KG, Hollander M, et al. Is carotid intima-media thickness useful in cardiovascular disease risk assessment? The Rotterdam Study. Stroke (2001) 32:1532–1538.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Barth JD, Iglesias del Sol A, Grobbee DE, et al. IMT for the elderly? Stroke (2001) 32:2443–2445.
[Free Full Text] - Barth JD. Carotid intima media thickness and beyond. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord (2004) 4:129–145.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Spence JD. Technology insight: ultrasound measurement of carotid plaque—patient management, genetic research, and therapy evaluation. Nat Clin Pract Neurol (2006) 2:611–619.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Barnett PA, Spence JD, Manuck SB, et al. Psychological stress and the progression of carotid artery disease. J Hypertens (1997) 15:49–55.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Spence JD, Eliasziw M, DiCicco M, et al. Carotid plaque area: a tool for targeting and evaluating vascular preventive therapy. Stroke (2002) 33:2916–2922.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Naghavi M, Falk E, Hecht HS, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient—part III: executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force report. Am J Cardiol (2006) 98:2H–15H.[Web of Science][Medline]
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