European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on February 21, 2007
European Heart Journal 2007 28(6):773; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl536
Predicting survival with good neurologic recovery at hospital admission after successful resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the OHCA score
Ulleval University Hospital
Institute for Experimental Medical Research
and Department of Anaesthesiology
0407 Oslo
Norway
Ulleval University Hospital
Institute for Experimental Medical Research
and Department of Anaesthesiology
0407 Oslo
Norway
Ulleval University Hospital
Institute for Experimental Medical Research
and Department of Anaesthesiology
0407 Oslo
Norway
Ulleval University Hospital
Institute for Experimental Medical Research
and Department of Anaesthesiology
0407 Oslo
Norway
Tel: +47 23016824 Fax: +47 23016799 E-mail address: kjetil.sunde{at}medisin.uio.no
We read with interest the article by Adrie et al.1 about outcome prediction, but we strongly disagree with the conclusion that outcome can be adequately predicted on hospital or ICU admission. Any diagnostic test should have significantly increased post-test probability with a positive test based on the prevalence in the population studied. The overall prevalence of poor outcome in this study was 259/340. Thus, a blank statement that all patients have poor outcome has a positive predictive value of 76% (95% CI 71–81). According to Table 5, an OHCA score cut-off point of 32.5 increases the positive predictive value to 94% (95% CI 89–97), but the corresponding specificity of 85% is not acceptable.1 We have to ensure that virtually all patients with the potential for good outcome are treated. The positive predictive value for poor outcome and the specificity should therefore be 0.99–1 or false-positive rate (1 – specificity) close to zero, all with a tight 95% CI.
A clinically useful test should still identify a large fraction of patients that would not benefit from time-consuming, costly, and emotionally exhausting intensive care treatment (reasonably high sensitivity). The test proposed in the paper does not have this perspective, and the sensitivity at the required specificity level is not provided. Figure 2 indicates an OHCA cut-off value of 50 for 0.99–1.0 specificity, and an area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve value of 0.88 indicates that the sensitivity will be much too low for OHCA 50 to make this test useful.1 In two recent, systematic reviews, false-positive rates for predicting poor outcome from multiple factors were not acceptably low enough until 24–72 h post-arrest.2,3
Survival rate to hospital discharge with good outcome for patients admitted to the ICU varies significantly between hospitals, independent of pre-hospital factors4,5 and is much higher in some hospitals than the reported 22 and 25% in the development and validation cohort in the present study. In Oslo, favourable survival has almost doubled (up to 56%) after implementation of standardized post-resuscitation care including therapeutic hypothermia, with no differences in prognostic or metabolic factors on admission compared with previous data.6 Similar improved results have recently been documented from Lausanne7 and Stavanger.8
Accurate prediction of final outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients at hospital admission is presently not possible, and only ethical considerations should limit active treatment at that stage. Decision making as recommended in the present study1 may be detrimental to the overall goal of more intact survivors after cardiac arrest. Unless ethically inadvisable, all resuscitated patients should at present receive optimal post-resuscitation care treatment including PCI (if indicated), therapeutic hypothermia, mechanical ventilation, and goal-directed intensive care treatment the first 24–48 h post-arrest.6 Correct treatment and correct decision making can save good lives. Withholding treatment on the basis of wrong prediction may take lives.
References
- Adrie C, Cariou A, Mourvillier B, Laurent I, Dabbane H, Hantala F, Rhaoui A, Thuong M, Monchi M. (2006) Predicting survival with good neurological recovery at hospital admission after successful resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the OHCA score. Eur Heart J 27:2840–2845.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Booth CM, Boone RH, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS. (2004) Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. JAMA 291:870–879.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Wijdicks EF, Hijdra A, Young GB, Bassetti CL, Wiebe S. (2006) Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 67:203–210.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA. (2003) In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation 56:247–263.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L, Angquist KA, Silfverstolpe J, Holmberg S. (2006) Major differences in 1-month survival between hospitals in Sweden among initial survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:404–409.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Sunde K, Pytte M, Jacobsen D, Mangschau A, Jensen LP, Smedsrud C, Draegni T, Steen PA. Implementation of a standardised treatment protocol for post-resuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.08.016. Published online ahead of print January 25, 2007.
- Oddo M, Schaller MD, Feihl F, Ribordy V, Liaudet L. (2006) From evidence to clinical practice: effective implementation of therapeutic hypothermia to improve patient outcome after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 34:1865–1873.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Busch M, Soreide E, Lossius HM, Lexow K, Dickstein K. (2006) Rapid implementation of therapeutic hypothermia in comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50:1277–1283.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
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