Skip Navigation


European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on January 15, 2009
European Heart Journal 2009 30(3):321-329; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn604
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
30/3/321    most recent
ehn604v1
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Disclaimer
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Steg, Ph. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Steg, Ph. G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2009. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Mortality following placement of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events

Ph. Gabriel Steg1,*, Keith A.A. Fox2, Kim A. Eagle3, Mark Furman4, Frans Van de Werf5, Gilles Montalescot6, Shaun G. Goodman7, Álvaro Avezum8, Wei Huang4, Joel M. Gore4 for the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) Investigators

1 INSERM U-698 ‘Recherche Clinique en Athérothrombose’, Université Paris VII—Denis Diderot, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
2 Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
3 University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
4 University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
5 Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
6 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
7 Canadian Heart Research Centre and Terrence Donnelly Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada
8 Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Received 17 July 2008; revised 25 October 2008; accepted 16 December 2008; online publish-ahead-of-print 15 January 2009.

* Corresponding author. Tel: +33 140258668, Fax: +33 140258865, Email: gabriel.steg{at}bch.aphp.fr


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Funding
 Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Aims: To assess mortality after drug-eluting stent (DES) or bare-metal stent (BMS) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods and results: In this multinational registry, 5093 STEMI patients received a stent: 1313 (26%) a DES and 3780 (74%) only BMS. Groups differed in baseline characteristics, type, or timing of percutaneous coronary intervention, with a higher baseline risk for patients receiving BMS. Two-year follow-up was available in 55 and 60% of the eligible BMS and DES patients, respectively. Unadjusted mortality was lower during hospitalization, similar for the first 6 months after discharge, and higher from 6 months to 2 years, for DES patients compared with that of BMS patients. Overall, unadjusted 2-year mortality was 5.3 vs. 3.9% for BMS vs. DES patients (P = 0.04). In propensity- and risk-adjusted survival analyses (Cox model), post-discharge mortality was not different up to 6 months (P = 0.21) or 1 year (P = 0.34). Late post-discharge mortality was higher in DES patients from 6 months to 2 years (HR 4.90, P = 0.01) or from 1 to 2 years (HR 7.06, P = 0.02). Similar results were observed when factoring in hospital mortality.

Conclusion: The observation of increased late mortality with DES vs. BMS suggests that DES should probably be avoided in STEMI, until more long-term data become available.

Key Words: Risk score • STEMI • Drug-eluting stent • Bare-metal stent


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Funding
 Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Drug-eluting stents (DESs) present a major advance in interventional cardiology. Their use is associated with a marked and sustained reduction in the rate of re-stenosis and the attendant risks of repeat revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention, whether performed electively or for treatment of acute myocardial infarction.1,2 Concerns exist, however, over the long-term safety of DESs,3–5 particularly the risk of late-stent thrombosis.6 This catastrophic event is associated with high fatality rates7 and occurs especially after discontinuation or reduction in oral antiplatelet therapy.8 Further concerns stem from the fact that late-stent thromboses appear to accrue regularly over time in the year following placement of a DES, at least up to 3 years of follow-up.9 Randomized clinical trials have compared DESs with bare-metal stents (BMSs),2 but only limited follow-up is available so far, mostly up to a year, a time when the excess of late-stent thromboses reported with DESs has not yet occurred.1

The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) is a multinational study of patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes with follow-up at 6 months and 2 years.10,11 GRACE provides an opportunity to compare follow-up with DESs and BMSs in the setting of ST-segment acute myocardial infarction in a population from routine clinical practice as opposed to the highly selected populations participating in randomized clinical trials.


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Funding
 Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Detailed information on the data collection methods for GRACE has been published.10,11 GRACE is designed to reflect an unselected population of patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), irrespective of geographic region. A total of 123 hospitals located in 14 countries in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand have contributed data to this observational study. Data from 74 sites in 14 countries were used for this analysis.

Adult patients (≥18 years) admitted with a presumptive diagnosis of ACS at participating hospitals were potentially eligible for this study. Eligibility criteria were a clinical history of ACS accompanied by at least one of the following: electrocardiographic changes consistent with ACS, serial increases in biochemical markers of cardiac necrosis (CK-MB, creatine phosphokinase, or troponin), and documented coronary artery disease. Patients with non-cardiovascular causes for the clinical presentation such as trauma, surgery, or aortic aneurysm were excluded. Patients were followed up at approximately 6 months and 2 years by telephone, clinical visits, or through calls to their primary care physician to ascertain the occurrence of several long-term outcomes. Where required, study investigators received approval from their local hospital ethics or institutional review board for conducting this study. While 6-month follow-up was built-in the registry from the onset, 2-year follow-up was implemented more recently and some participating sites either declined or did not receive approval for such 2-year follow-up. Therefore, follow-up rates reported account for the lack of eligibility of patients from these sites as well as for patients who have not yet reached follow-up. Unfortunately, no reliable data are available on the use of antiplatelet agents beyond 6 months following discharge.

To enrol an unselected population of patients, sites were encouraged to recruit the first 10–20 consecutive eligible patients each month. Regular audits were performed at all participating hospitals over a 2-year cycle. Data were collected by trained study coordinators using standardized case report forms. Demographic characteristics, medical history, presenting symptoms, duration of pre-hospital delay, biochemical and electrocardiographic findings, treatment practices, and a variety of hospital outcome data were collected. Standardized definitions of all patient-related variables, clinical diagnoses, and hospital complications and outcomes were used.9

Patients were diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) when they had new or presumed new ST-segment elevation ≥1 mm seen in any location, or new left bundle branch block on the index or subsequent electrocardiogram with at least one positive cardiac biochemical marker of necrosis (including troponin measurements, whether qualitative or quantitative). Hospital-specific feedback regarding patient characteristics, presentation, management, and outcomes were provided to each centre on a quarterly basis. This analysis focuses on patients with a confirmed diagnosis of STEMI who had at least one stent implanted during their hospital stay between January 2004 and December 2007. Selection of the type of stent was based on physician preference.

Statistical analysis
Continuous variables in comparison groups are summarized as medians with interquartile ranges and were analysed by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Categorical variables are reported as frequencies and percentages and were tested using the {chi}2 trend test or Fisher's exact test. All tests were two-sided and no correction for multiple testing was done. A propensity analysis was performed to adjust for differences in baseline between groups of STEMI patients who received DESs and those who received BMSs. The multiple logistic regression model predicting DESs contained GRACE risk score for hospital mortality, number of dilated vessels and stents, diabetes, and type of percutaneous coronary intervention. The propensity score (probability of DES) for STEMI patients was categorized into quintiles, and matching of clinical characteristics between patients receiving DESs and those receiving BMSs across quintiles of propensity score was verified (Appendix 1). Later on, the quintile was included in final model as a categorical variable. The GRACE risk score is a powerful and validated (both internally12 and externally13,14) tool to predict in-hospital and post-discharge12 mortality. The impact of DESs on 6-month and 2-year follow-up mortality rates was analysed by a Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression model to account for patient dropout over time, adjusted for factors demonstrated to be related to post-discharge survival and propensity for using DESs (i.e. probability score). The proportional hazards assumption was verified by assessing the statistical significance of the time by continuous variable interactions for GRACE risk score (P = 0.36) and for propensity score (P = 0.71).


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Funding
 Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
Study population
A total of 65 127 patients were enrolled in GRACE between April 1999 and December 2007, of which 26 150 were admitted after January 2004, when information regarding type of stent started to be collected. A total of 10 811 patients underwent one percutaneous coronary intervention and 10 094 received at least one stent during their index hospitalization, of whom 9874 were discharged alive (Figure 1). Data from 851 patients with multiple percutaneous coronary interventions during hospitalization were excluded because the type of stent could not be ascertained in patients with staged interventions. A total of 5093 patients had a final diagnosis of STEMI, of which 1313 (26%) received at least one DES, whereas 3780 (74%) received BMSs only. Rate of stent use by enrolment year is displayed in Figure 2. The proportion of patients receiving DESs increased from 19% in 2004 to 35% in 2006 and decreased to 22% in 2007.


Figure 1
View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 1 Flow chart of patient participation and follow-up. PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

 

Figure 2
View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 2 Proportion of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents by enrolment year (P < 0.0001).

 
There were marked differences in the baseline characteristics of the two groups (Table 1). Risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as diabetes, hypertension, increased body mass index, and hyperlipidaemia, were more common in patients receiving DESs; these patients also had higher rates of prior history of cardiac events or cardiac procedures. Conversely, patients receiving a BMS more frequently had a history of angina and a higher Killip class. The type of percutaneous coronary intervention differed between the two groups: patients receiving BMSs only underwent primary or rescue percutaneous coronary intervention more frequently, resulting in a shorter delay from symptom onset to coronary intervention. Overall, the average GRACE risk score was higher among patients receiving BMSs than in those receiving DESs, indicating that patients receiving BMSs were at greater risk of death.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Baseline characteristics and hospital and discharge treatments

 
Six-month follow-up data in eligible patients (i.e. who had reached 6-month follow-up at the time of this analysis) were available in 73% of the BMS patients and in 71% of the DES patients. Corresponding figures for 2-year follow-up were 55 and 60%, respectively. Treatment with thienopyridines was 94 vs. 93% at discharge (P = 0.08), 53% (n = 1246) vs. 65% (n = 557) at 6 months (P < 0.001), and 20% (n = 120) vs. 26% (n = 53; P = 0.07) at 2 years, for patients with BMSs or DESs, respectively.

Hospital and post-discharge outcomes
Rates of in-hospital cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation and major bleeding were higher in patients who received a BMS only, whereas congestive heart failure was more frequent in patients with a DES (Table 2).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2 Clinical outcomes in hospital

 
Mortality rates are summarized in Table 3 and Figure 3. Unadjusted mortality during the index hospitalization was higher in patients receiving bare-metal vs. DESs (3.7 vs. 2.1%, P < 0.01). After multivariable logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for hospital mortality in patients with BMS vs. DES was 1.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.002–2.564, P = 0.05).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3 Unadjusted mortality up to 2 years following hospital discharge

 

Figure 3
View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PowerPoint slide]
  		Figure 3 Landmark analysis of post-discharge survival at 6 months and at 1 year in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with drug-eluting or bare-metal stents.

 
Unadjusted mortality from discharge to 6 months was 2.2% for bare-metal and 1.5% for DESs (P = 0.21). From 6 months to 2 years, mortality was lower for patients receiving BMSs (1.6 vs. 6.3%, P < 0.01). Cumulative mortality from discharge to 2 years was similar between the two groups (2.5 vs. 2.7%, P = 0.78).

Therefore, the overall unadjusted mortality from admission to 2 years was higher for patients receiving BMSs (5.3 vs. 3.9%, P = 0.04).

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis in hospital survivors is shown in Figure 3. After discharge, mortality appeared to increase steadily in patients with DESs, whereas it tended to reach a plateau between 6 months and 1 year in those with only BMSs. Mortality curves appeared to cross around 1 year of follow-up.

Given the important differences in the baseline characteristics, timing and type of percutaneous coronary intervention, and risk of death between patients receiving BMSs and DESs, post-discharge mortality was analysed in a series of Cox models, adjusting for GRACE risk score, number of dilated vessels and stents, diabetes, type of percutaneous coronary intervention, and propensity to receive a DES. To account for the lack of constant hazard, we performed two landmark analyses of post-discharge mortality: one with analysis from 6 months to 2 years and another from 1 year to 2 years (see table in Figure 3). The results are consistent regardless of the timing and type of adjustment: early post-discharge mortality was not significantly different up to 6 months [hazard ratio (HR) for the fully adjusted and propensity-adjusted model 0.65, 95% CI 0.33–1.27, P = 0.21] or at 1 year (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.39–1.38, P = 0.34) after discharge. However, late post-discharge mortality was consistently higher in patients with a DES vs. BMS only, for the period from 6 months to 2 years (HR 4.90, 95% CI 1.42–16.9, P = 0.01) or from 1 year to 2 years (HR 7.06, 95% CI 1.36–36.6, P = 0.02).

Similar findings were observed when mortality was analysed from hospital admission to 2-year follow-up. After comprehensive adjustment (GRACE risk score, number of dilated vessels, diabetes, type of percutaneous coronary intervention, and propensity to receive a DES), early mortality was not different between patients receiving DESs or BMSs (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.49–1.02, P = 0.07 from admission to 6 months; HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.52–1.05, P = 0.09 from admission to 1 year), whereas late mortality was higher for patients receiving DESs (HR 4.79, 95% CI 1.4–16.4, P = 0.01 from 6 months to 2 years; HR 6.94, 95% CI 1.34–35.8, P = 0.02 from 1 to 2 years).


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Funding
 Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
This analysis from a multinational observational study provides insights into mortality outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI in patients receiving DESs or BMSs. The overall mortality appeared higher than that reported from a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials,2 as would be expected when comparing a routine practice population with the highly selected participants in such trials,15 but was lower than that reported in a registry study.16 Hospital mortality was lower in patients receiving DESs vs. BMSs only; whether this finding reflects a lower baseline risk of hospital death, as shown by the lower GRACE risk score, and later procedures in patients with DESs, whether it results from residual confounding, or whether this is the result of genuine improved early safety of DESs compared with BMSs is unclear in this non-randomized comparison. In both randomized trials comparing DESs with BMSs in the setting of acute myocardial infarction2 and in registry studies,17 there was no clear early mortality difference. In studies with a maximum follow-up of 12 months, clinical outcomes were similar to or better with DESs than with BMSs.18–21 In GRACE, after hospital discharge and up to 1 year, there was no statistically significant difference in survival between the two groups. From 6 months to 2 years, however, at a time when thienopyridines were being discontinued in most patients (although less frequently in patients with DESs than with BMSs), there was increased mortality in patients with a DES. Similarly, in a study by Daemen et al.,16 the reduction in target-vessel revascularization that was observed at 1 year with DES had disappeared by 3 years. The excess late mortality with DESs persisted after adjustment for propensity to receive a DES, GRACE risk score, number of dilated vessels, diabetes, and type of percutaneous coronary intervention. This difference in the timing of fatal events between patients treated with DESs and BMSs is the main result of our analysis.

Several randomized trials have compared clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI treated with DESs or BMSs.22–29 In aggregate, they found a reduction in risk of reintervention with DESs, without an excess risk of death or myocardial infarction, up to 1 year.2 Few data are available regarding long-term outcomes for patients receiving DESs. The STRATEGY (Single High Dose Bolus Tirofiban and Sirolimus Eluting Stent vs. Abciximab and Bare Metal Stent in Myocardial Infarction) trial,25 which compared BMSs with abciximab and DESs with tirofiban in 175 patients, reported 2-year outcomes, without any indication for increased mortality or adverse clinical outcomes with DESs. The current analysis suggests that there may be an increased risk of late mortality with DESs vs. BMSs in patients with STEMI. This excess late mortality was observed despite the fact that more patients with DESs than with BMSs continued clopidogrel at 6 months. This observation is important in a non-randomized setting, which may better reflect patients’ true long-term adherence to medications, particularly dual-antiplatelet therapy, compared with individuals enrolled in clinical trials. Although patients in trials are regularly followed and are often provided with medications, patients in routine practice may have poor adherence, be unable to pay for their medications or may discontinue antiplatelet therapy because of minor bruising or bleeding.

These observations should be interpreted with caution given the observational and non-randomized nature of the GRACE data set. There is potential residual confounding from measured and, more importantly, unmeasured variables. In fact, there are important differences in the baseline characteristics between the groups. Although these resulted in a lower risk for hospital mortality in the group treated with DESs, differences in important risk factors correlated with late disease progression, such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension, may account in part for the increased late mortality seen with DESs. Given the differences in the hazards between the various periods, adjustment for differences between groups and propensity to receive DESs had to be performed separately for the early and late periods after stent placement. However, regardless of the time point selected for landmark analyses of late mortality, of the type of adjustment, and of whether mortality was assessed from initial admission or from hospital discharge, the findings were consistent: there was no significant difference in adjusted ‘early’ (up to 1 year after discharge) mortality between groups, whereas late mortality (from 6 months to 2 years or from 1 year to 2 years) was consistently increased with DESs. The number of late events driving the differences observed is small and, importantly, the number of patients with incomplete follow-up is substantial. No information was collected regarding type of DESs or BMSs (although it is likely that the vast majority of DESs were of the first generation, i.e. sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents), or regarding angiographic lesion characteristics (such as lesion length, vessel reference diameter, presence of a bifurcation) that may impact outcomes. Finally, the comparison is between patients receiving ‘BMSs only’ and ‘at least one DES’, although this would tend to minimize differences between the groups.

Acknowledging these limitations, increased late mortality with DESs following STEMI is biologically plausible. There is general agreement that DESs carry an increased risk of late-stent thrombosis compared with BMSs,5 although recently late-stent thrombosis has also been reported with BMSs.30 Although the risk is small, stent thrombosis is potentially lethal, and this has raised concerns that the benefit related to prevention of repeat revascularization with DESs may be offset by a small increase in late mortality related to late-stent thrombosis.3 Unfortunately, the randomized trials available so far comparing DESs with BMSs have not been powered for mortality, but careful meta-analysis of the totality of evidence from the randomized clinical trials suggests that there is no increase in mortality with DESs vs. BMSs up to 3 years.31 This may be related to the fact that recurrent revascularization in itself is linked to adverse outcomes, including mortality.32 However, in the context of acute myocardial infarction, several elements may result in an increased risk of late-stent thrombosis: first the thrombus burden is greater in ST-segment elevation than in NSTEMI,33,34 and data show higher mortality as a function of increased thrombus burden.35 In addition, the potential for late acquired malapposition of the stent struts to the vessel wall is greater because sizing of the stent is done in the context of massive thrombosis and vessel vasoconstriction. Once the vessel has recanalized and thrombosis subsided, the reference diameter may be larger than had appeared when the stent was deployed. Late-stent malapposition is a potential factor favouring late-stent thrombosis, and the frequency of late malapposition appears greater after primary percutaneous intervention with DESs36 than with BMSs.37 Finally, acute myocardial infarction most often stems from rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic coronary plaque, and placing stent struts in direct contact with the underlying lipidonecrotic core may prevent proper plaque healing,38 particularly as re-endothelialization of DES struts is incomplete after up to 40 months, whereas it is generally complete by 6 months with a BMS.39

Although the overall unadjusted mortality was slightly lower with DESs vs. BMEs, the finding of increased late mortality (unadjusted and adjusted) with DESs suggests that DESs should be used cautiously in patients with STEMI, until more long-term data from appropriately powered randomized clinical trials become available. This is especially true for patients where long-term adherence to dual-antiplatelet therapy may be difficult for whatever reason.


   Funding
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Funding
Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
 References
 
The GRACE registry is supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Sanofi-Aventis to the Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School.


   Appendix 1
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Funding
 Appendix 1
Acknowledgements
 References
 
Matching of characteristics between patients receiving DESs and BMSs across quintiles of propensity score:


Type of stent GRACE risk score (mean) Single stent (%) Single dilated vessels (%) Primary PCI (%) Diabetes (%)
All patients included in propensity analysis (N = 4300) BMS 3140 (73%) 139.8 74 91 66 21
DES 1160 (27%) 137.2 61 82 54 30

Propensity score: quintile 1 (N = 860) BMS 714 (83%) 159.3 100 100 100 1
DES 146 (17%) 159.6 98 100 100 0

Propensity score: quintile 2 (N = 860) BMS 677 (79%) 130.9 91 100 88 7
DES 183 (21%) 134.0 90 100 83 8

Propensity score: quintile 3 (N = 860) BMS 654 (76%) 145.5 72 99 50 21
DES 206 (24%) 146.2 77 100 53 30

Propensity score: quintile 4 (N = 860) BMS 605 (70%) 124.7 67 93 47 33
DES 255 (30%) 126.5 65 95 45 34

Propensity score: quintile 5 (N = 860) BMS 490 (57%) 134.9 27 56 30 57
DES 370 (43%) 132.4 21 46 28 50


   Acknowledgements
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Funding
 Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
References
 
Further information about the GRACE project, along with a complete list of participants, can be found at http://www.outcomes.org/grace. We thank the physicians and nurses participating in GRACE, and Dr Sophie Rushton-Smith who provided editorial assistance and was funded by Sanofi-Aventis.

Conflict of interest: Sanofi-Aventis had no involvement in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The design, conduct, and interpretation of the GRACE data are undertaken by an independent steering committee.

Potential conflicts of interest are as follows: Ph. Gabriel Steg: Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer-Ingelheim, BMS, GSK, Medtronic, MSD, Novartis, Nycomed, Sankyo, Servier, ZLB-Behring, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Takeda. Keith A.A. Fox: British Heart Foundation, Medical Research Council, The Wellcome Trust, Aventis, Sanofi-Synthelabo, MSD. Kim A. Eagle: Biosite, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiac Sciences, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, Hewlett Foundation, Mardigian Fund, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Varbedian Fund, National Heart, Lung and Blood NIH. Mark Furman and Frans Van de Werf: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Sanofi-Aventis, Johnson & Johnson, Schering Plough, AstraZeneca, and Novartis. Gilles Montalescot: Sanofi-Aventis, Schering, Lilly, MSD, and Pfizer. Shaun G. Goodman: AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership, Hoffmann-LaRoche Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis, Pfizer, Inc., Sanofi-Synthelabo, Schering Corp., Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Álvaro Avezum: Sanofi-Aventis, Population Health Research Institute, and Boehringer-Ingelheim. Wei Huang: none. Joel M. Gore: Sanofi-Aventis.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Funding
 Appendix 1
 Acknowledgements
 References
 

  1. Stone GW, Moses JW, Ellis SG, Schofer J, Dawkins KD, Morice MC, Colombo A, Schampaert E, Grube E, Kirtane AJ, Cutlip DE, Fahy M, Pocock SJ, Mehran R, Leon MB. Safety and efficacy of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents. N Engl J Med (2007) 356:998–1008.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Kastrati A, Dibra A, Spaulding C, Laarman GJ, Menichelli M, Valgimigli M, Di Lorenzo E, Kaiser C, Tierala I, Mehilli J, Seyfarth M, Varenne O, Dirksen MT, Percoco G, Varricchio A, Pittl U, Syvanne M, Suttorp MJ, Violini R, Schomig A. Meta-analysis of randomized trials on drug-eluting stents vs. bare-metal stents in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J (2007) 28:2706–2713.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Camenzind E, Steg PG, Wijns W. Stent thrombosis late after implantation of first-generation drug-eluting stents: a cause for concern. Circulation (2007) 115:1440–1455. discussion 1455.[Free Full Text]
  4. Nordmann AJ, Briel M, Bucher HC. Mortality in randomized controlled trials comparing drug-eluting vs. bare-metal stents in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J (2006) 27:2784–2814.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Farb A, Boam AB. Stent thrombosis redux—the FDA perspective. N Engl J Med (2007) 356:984–987.[Free Full Text]
  6. McFadden EP, Stabile E, Regar E, Cheneau E, Ong AT, Kinnaird T, Suddath WO, Weissman NJ, Torguson R, Kent KM, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Waksman R, Serruys PW. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet (2004) 364:1519–1521.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  7. Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, Ge L, Sangiorgi GM, Stankovic G, Airoldi F, Chieffo A, Montorfano M, Carlino M, Michev I, Corvaja N, Briguori C, Gerckens U, Grube E, Colombo A. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. J Am Med Assoc (2005) 293:2126–2130.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Pfisterer M, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Buser PT, Rickenbacher P, Hunziker P, Mueller C, Jeger R, Bader F, Osswald S, Kaiser C. Late clinical events after clopidogrel discontinuation may limit the benefit of drug-eluting stents: an observational study of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents. J Am Coll Cardiol (2006) 48:2584–2591.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Daemen J, Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K, Abrecht L, Vaina S, Morger C, Kukreja N, Juni P, Sianos G, Hellige G, van Domburg RT, Hess OM, Boersma E, Meier B, Windecker S, Serruys PW. Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: data from a large two-institutional cohort study. Lancet (2007) 369:667–678.[CrossRef][Medline]
  10. The GRACE Investigators. Rationale and design of the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) Project: a multinational registry of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J (2001) 141:190–199.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  11. Steg PG, Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Fox KA, Eagle KA, Flather MD, Sadiq I, Kasper R, Rushton-Mellor SK, Anderson FA. Baseline characteristics, management practices, and in-hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Am J Cardiol (2002) 90:358–363.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  12. Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH, Pieper KS, Goldberg RJ, Van de Werf F, Goodman SG, Granger CB, Steg PG, Gore JM, Budaj A, Avezum A, Flather MD, Fox KA. A validated prediction model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome: estimating the risk of 6-month postdischarge death in an international registry. J Am Med Assoc (2004) 291:2727–2733.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Tang EW, Wong CK, Herbison P. Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) hospital discharge risk score accurately predicts long-term mortality post acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J (2007) 153:29–35.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  14. Bradshaw PJ, Ko DT, Newman AM, Donovan LR, Tu JV. Validity of the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) acute coronary syndrome prediction model for six-month post-discharge death in an independent data set. Heart (2006) 92:905–909.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Steg PG, Lopez-Sendon J, Lopez de Sa E, Goodman SG, Gore JM, Anderson FA Jr, Himbert D, Allegrone J, Van de Werf F. External validity of clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med (2007) 167:68–73.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Daemen J, Tanimoto S, Garcia-Garcia HM, Kukreja N, van de Sande M, Sianos G, de Jaegere PP, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW. Comparison of three-year clinical outcome of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (from the RESEARCH and T-SEARCH Registries). Am J Cardiol (2007) 99:1027–1032.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  17. Slottow TL, Steinberg DH, Roy P, Javaid A, Buch AN, Okabe T, Xue Z, Smith K, Torguson R, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Suddath WO, Kent KM, Waksman R. Drug-eluting stents are associated with similar cardiovascular outcomes when compared to bare-metal stents in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Revasc Med (2008) 9:24–28.[CrossRef][Medline]
  18. Newell MC, Henry CR, Sigakis CJ, Unger BT, Larson DM, Chavez IJ, Burke MN, Traverse JH, Henry TD. Comparison of safety and efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol (2006) 97:1299–1302.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  19. Weber F, Schneider H, Schwarz C, Holzhausen C, Petzsch M, Nienaber CA. Sirolimus-eluting stents for percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: lesson from a case-controlled comparison of bare-metal versus drug-eluting stents in thrombus-laden lesions. Z Kardiol (2004) 93:938–943.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  20. Kupferwasser LI, Amorn AM, Kapoor N, Lee MS, Kar S, Cercek B, Dohad S, Mirocha J, Forrester JS, Shah PK, Makkar RR. Comparison of drug-eluting stents with bare-metal stents in unselected patients with acute myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv (2007) 70:1–8.[CrossRef][Medline]
  21. Pasceri V, Patti G, Speciale G, Pristipino C, Richichi G, Di Sciascio G. Meta-analysis of clinical trials on use of drug-eluting stents for treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J (2007) 153:749–754.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  22. Laarman GJ, Suttorp MJ, Dirksen MT, van Heerebeek L, Kiemeneij F, Slagboom T, van der Wieken LR, Tijssen JG, Rensing BJ, Patterson M. Paclitaxel-eluting versus uncoated stents in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med (2006) 355:1105–1113.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Menichelli M, Parma A, Pucci E, Fiorilli R, De Felice F, Nazzaro M, Giulivi A, Alborino D, Azzellino A, Violini R. Randomized trial of Sirolimus-eluting stent versus Bare-Metal Stent in Acute Myocardial Infarction (SESAMI). J Am Coll Cardiol (2007) 49:1924–1930.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Spaulding C, Henry P, Teiger E, Beatt K, Bramucci E, Carrie D, Slama MS, Merkely B, Erglis A, Margheri M, Varenne O, Cebrian A, Stoll HP, Snead DB, Bode C. Sirolimus-eluting versus uncoated stents in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med (2006) 355:1093–1104.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Valgimigli M, Percoco G, Malagutti P, Campo G, Ferrari F, Barbieri D, Cicchitelli G, McFadden EP, Merlini F, Ansani L, Guardigli G, Bettini A, Parrinello G, Boersma E, Ferrari R. Tirofiban- and sirolimus-eluting stent vs. abciximab and bare-metal stent for acute myocardial infarction: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc (2005) 293:2109–2117.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Pittl U, Kaiser C, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Hunziker P, Linka AZ, Osswald S, Buser PT, Pfisterer ME. Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in primary angioplasty of patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction—a prospective randomized study. Eur. Heart J. (2006) 27:650.
  27. Di Lorenzo E, Varricchio A, Lanzillo T, Sauro R, Cianciulli GM, Manganelli F, Mariello C, Siano F, Pagliuca MP, Stanco G, Rosato G. Paclitaxel and sirolimus stent implantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation (2005) 112:U538–U538. (Abstract).
  28. van der Hoeven BL, Liem SS, Jukema JW, Suraphakdee N, Putter H, Dijkstra J, Atsma DE, Bootsma M, Zeppenfeld K, Oemrawsingh PV, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 9-month angiographic and intravascular ultrasound results and 12-month clinical outcome results from the MISSION! Intervention Study. J Am Coll Cardiol (2008) 51:618–626.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Helsinki Area Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment Re-Evaluation—Should the Patients Get a Drug-Eluting or Normal Stent (HAAMU-STENT) trial. (2007) http://www.cardiosourcecom/pops/trialSumasp?trialID=1492.
  30. Doyle B, Rihal CS, O'Sullivan CJ, Lennon RJ, Wiste HJ, Bell M, Bresnahan J, Holmes DR Jr. Outcomes of stent thrombosis and restenosis during extended follow-up of patients treated with bare-metal coronary stents. Circulation (2007) 116:2391–2398.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Stettler C, Wandel S, Allemann S, Kastrati A, Morice MC, Schomig A, Pfisterer ME, Stone GW, Leon MB, de Lezo JS, Goy JJ, Park SJ, Sabate M, Suttorp MJ, Kelbaek H, Spaulding C, Menichelli M, Vermeersch P, Dirksen MT, Cervinka P, Petronio AS, Nordmann AJ, Diem P, Meier B, Zwahlen M, Reichenbach S, Trelle S, Windecker S, Juni P. Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: a collaborative network meta-analysis. Lancet (2007) 370:937–948.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  32. Chen MS, John JM, Chew DP, Lee DS, Ellis SG, Bhatt DL. Bare-metal stent restenosis is not a benign clinical entity. Am Heart J (2006) 151:1260–1264.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  33. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, Mouser LT, Burroughs R, Golden MS, Lang HT. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med (1980) 303:897–902.[Abstract]
  34. DeWood MA, Stifter WF, Simpson CS, Spores J, Eugster GS, Judge TP, Hinnen ML. Coronary arteriographic findings soon after non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med (1986) 315:417–423.[Abstract]
  35. Sianos G, Papafaklis MI, Daemen J, Vaina S, van Mieghem CA, van Domburg RT, Michalis LK, Serruys PW. Angiographic stent thrombosis after routine use of drug-eluting stents in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the importance of thrombus burden. J Am Coll Cardiol (2007) 50:573–583.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Hong MK, Mintz GS, Lee CW, Park DW, Park KM, Lee BK, Kim YH, Song JM, Han KH, Kang DH, Cheong SS, Song JK, Kim JJ, Park SW, Park SJ. Late-stent malapposition after drug-eluting stent implantation: an intravascular ultrasound analysis with long-term follow-up. Circulation (2006) 113:414–419.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Hong MK, Mintz GS, Lee CW, Kim YH, Lee SW, Song JM, Han KH, Kang DH, Song JK, Kim JJ, Park SW, Park SJ. Incidence, mechanism, predictors, and long-term prognosis of late-stent malapposition after bare-metal stent implantation. Circulation (2004) 109:881–886.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Finn AV, Gold HK, Tulenko TN, Wrenn SP, Narula J. Atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability to rupture: angiogenesis as a source of intraplaque hemorrhage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2005) 25:2054–2061.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A, Mont EK, Kolodgie FD, Ladich E, Kutys R, Skorija K, Gold HK, Virmani R. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol (2006) 48:193–202.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M. Tebaldi, C. Arcozzi, G. Campo, G. Percoco, R. Ferrari, M. Valgimigli, and On behalf of the STRATEGY Investigators
The 5-year clinical outcomes after a randomized comparison of sirolimus-eluting versus bare-metal stent implantation in patients with st-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 10, 2009; 54(20): 1900 - 1901.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
C. P. Cannon
Should We Manage Patients With Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Renal Failure With an Invasive Strategy?
Circulation, September 8, 2009; 120(10): 828 - 830.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart JHome page
A. V. Finn, G. Nakazawa, F. Kolodgie, and R. Virmani
Drug eluting or bare metal stent for acute myocardial infarction: an issue of safety?
Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2009; 30(15): 1828 - 1830.
[Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
30/3/321    most recent
ehn604v1
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Disclaimer
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Steg, Ph. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Steg, Ph. G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?