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European Heart Journal 1999 20(12):854-855; doi:10.1053/euhj.1999.1537
Copyright © 1999 by the European Society of Cardiology.
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Editorial

Sympathetic overactivity and exercise intolerance in heart failure: a cause-effect relationship

G Grassi and G Mancia

Clinica Medica, University of Milan, Ospedale S. Gerardo, Monza
Centro di Fisiologia Clinica e Ipertensione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore, Milano, Italy

References

  1. Leimbach WM, Wallin BG, Victor RG, Aylward PE, Sundlof G, Mark AL. Direct evidence from intraneural recordings for increased central sympathetic outflow in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1986;73:913–919[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Grassi G, Seravalle G, Cattaneo BM. Sympathetic activation and loss of reflex sympathetic control in mild congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1995;92:3206–3211[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Hasking GJ, Esler MD, Jennings GL, Burton D, Johns JA, Korner PI. Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nervous activity. Circulation. 1986;73:615–621[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Kaye D, Lambert GW, Lefkovits J, Morris M, Jennings G, Esler M. Neurochemical evidence of cardiac sympathetic activation and increased central nervous system norepinephrine turnover in severe congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:570–578[Abstract]
  5. Middlekauff HR, Hamilton MA, Stevenson LW, Mark AL. Independent control of skin and muscle sympathetic nerve activity in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1994;90:1794–1798[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Grassi G, Colombo M, Seravalle G, Spaziani D, Mancia G. Dissociation between muscle and skin sympathetic nerve activity in essential hypertension, obesity and congestive heart failure. Hypertension. 1998;31:64–67[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Grassi G, Cattaneo BM, Mancia G. Sympathetic nervous system. Poole Wilson PA, Colucci WS, Massie BM, Chatterjee K, Coats AJS. Heart Failure. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1297. p. 188–214
  8. Floras JS. Clinical aspects of sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22 (Suppl A):72A–84A
  9. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:819–823[Abstract]
  10. Kaye DM, Lefkovits J, Jennings GL, Bergin P, Broughton A, Esler MD. Adverse consequences of high sympathetic nervous activity in the failing human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1257–1263[Abstract]
  11. Notarius CF, Ando S, Rongen GA, Floras JS. Resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity and peak oxygen uptake in heart failure and normal subjects. Eur Heart J. 1999;:
  12. Volterrani M, Clark AL, Ludman PF. Predictors of exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:801–809[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Drexler H. Reduced exercise tolerance in congestive heart failure and its relation to neurohumoral factors. Eur Heart J. 1991;12 (Suppl C):21–28
  14. Cohn JN. Efficacy of vasodilators in the treatment of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22 (Suppl A):135A–138A

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