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European Heart Journal 1999 20(5):344-353; doi:10.1053/euhj.1998.1194
Copyright © 1999 by the European Society of Cardiology.
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Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease; Edinburgh Artery Study

Edinburgh Artery Study

J.F. Pricea,f1, P.I. Mowbraya, A.J. Leea, A. Rumleyb, G.D.O. Loweb and F.G.R. Fowkesa

a Wolfson Unit for the Prevention of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
b University Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, U.K.

revised June 19, 1998; accepted June 24, 1998

Abstract

Aims

The aim was to determine whether the effect of smoking on the development of peripheral or coronary artery disease might be mediated by other cardiovascular risk factors, including dietary antioxidant vitamin intake, serum low and high density lipoproteins, blood pressure, plasma fibrinogen, blood viscosity and markers of endothelial disturbance and fibrin turnover.

Methods and Results

1592 men and women aged 55–74 years were selected at random from 11 general practices in Edinburgh, Scotland and followed-up for 5 years. The incidences of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease were 5·1% and 11·1%, respectively. Both conditions were more common in moderate and heavy smokers than in never smokers; cigarette smoking was a stronger risk factor for peripheral arterial disease than for coronary artery disease. Smoking was associated with reduced dietary antioxidant vitamin intake, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure and with increased alcohol intake, serum triglycerides, blood viscosity, plasma fibrinogen, and markers of endothelial disturbance (tissue plasminogen activator and von Willebrand factor antigens). Simultaneous adjustment for these risk factors reduced the relative risk of peripheral arterial disease only slightly, from 3·94 (95% CI 2·04, 7·62) to 2·72 (95% CI 1·13, 6·53) in heavy smokers and from 1·87 (95% CI 0·91, 3·85) to 1·70 (95% CI 0·72, 3·99) in moderate smokers. Similar adjustment also had little effect on the risk of coronary artery disease associated with smoking.

Conclusion

The combined effect of smoking on the cardiovascular risk factors studied may explain part of its influence on peripheral and coronary arterial disease, but the majority of the effect appears to be due to other mechanisms.

Key Words: Peripheral arterial disease • coronary artery disease • smoking • risk factors

f1 Correspondence: Dr J. F. Price, Wolfson Unit for the Prevention of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, U.K.

FGR, Fowkes

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