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European Heart Journal 2001 22(12):984-987; doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2490
Copyright © 2001 by the European Society of Cardiology.
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Editorials

Thromboprophylaxis for atrial flutter

G.Y.H. Lip and S. Kamath

Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, U.K.

References

  1. Lip GYH. Thromboprophylaxis in Atrial Fibrillation. Lancet. 1999;353:1620–1621[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  2. Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, Pearce LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:492–501[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Dunn MI. Thromboembolism with atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:638[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  4. Seidl K, Hauer B, Schwick NG, Zellner D, Zahn R, Senges J. Risk of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:580–583[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  5. Lanzarotti CJ, Olshansky B. Thromboembolism in chronic atrial flutter: is the risk underestimated? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1506–1511[Abstract]
  6. Wood KA, Eisenberg SJ, Kalman JM. Risk of thromboembolism in chronic atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:1043–1047[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  7. Irani WN, Grayburn PA, Afridi I. Prevalence of thrombus, spontaneous echo contrast, and atrial stunning in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial flutter. A prospective study using transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation. 1997;95:962–966[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Weiss R, Marcovitz P, Knight BP. Acute changes in spontaneous echo contrast and atrial function after cardioversion of persistent atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1052–1055[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  9. Feltes TF, Friedman RA. Transesophageal echocardiographic detection of atrial thrombi in patients with nonfibrillation atrial tachyarrhythmias and congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1365–1370[Abstract]
  10. Bikkina M, Alpert MA, Mulekar M, Shakoor A, Massey CV, Covin FA. Prevalence of intraatrial thrombus in patients with atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:186–189[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  11. Grimm RA, Stewart WJ, Arheart K, Thomas JD, Klein AL. Left atrial appendage "stunning" after electrical cardioversion of atrial flutter: an attenuated response compared with atrial fibrillation as the mechanism for lower susceptibility to thromboembolic events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:582–589[Abstract]
  12. Densem CG. Patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial flutter should be routinely anticoagulated. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:140–141[Medline]
  13. Pagadala P, Gummadi SS, Olshansky B. Thromboembolic risk of chronic atrial flutter: is the risk underestimated? Circulation. 1994;90:I–398
  14. Arnold AZ, Mick MJ, Mazurek RP, Loop FD, Trohman RG. Role of prophylactic anticoagulation for direct current cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation of atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:851–855[Abstract]
  15. Bertaglia E, D'Este D, Franceschi M, Pascotto P. Cardioversion of persistent atrial flutter in non-anticoagulated patients at low risk for thromboembolism. Ital Heart J. 2000;1:349–353[Medline]
  16. Roijer A, Eskilsson J, Olsson B. Transoesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Selection of a low-risk group for immediate cardioversion. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:837–847[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Lip GYH. Does atrial fibrillation confer a hypercoagulable state? Lancet. 1995;346:13113–13114
  18. Omran H, Jung W, Rabahieh R. Left atrial appendage function in patients with atrial flutter. Heart. 1997;78:250–254[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Santiago D, Warshofsky M, Li Mandri G. Left atrial appendage function and thrombus formation in atrial fibrillation-flutter: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:159–164[Abstract]
  20. Lip GYH, Lowe GDO, Rumley A, Dunn FG. Fibrinogen and fibrin D-dimer levels in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: evidence for intermediate elevated levels of intravascular thrombogenesis. Am Heart J. 1996;131:724–730[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  21. Shirani J, Alaeddini J. Structural remodelling of the left atrial appendage in patients with chronic non-valvular atrial fibrillation: Implications for thrombus formation, systemic embolism, and assessment by transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2000;9:95–101[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  22. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1997;96:1180–1184[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Goldsmith I, Kumar P, Carter P, Blann AD, Patel RL, Lip GYH. Atrial endocardial changes in mitral valve disease: a scanning electron microscopy study. Am Heart J. 2000;140:777–784[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  24. Corrado G, Sgalambro A, Mantero A. Thromboembolic risk in atrial flutter: The FLASIEC (Flutter Atriale Societa Italiana di Ecografia Cardiovascolare) multicenter study. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1042–1051[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Kamath S, Lip GYH. Mitral regurgitation and atrial fibrillation: milder the disease, higher the risk? Int J Cardiol. 2000;72:235–237[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

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