Skip Navigation

European Heart Journal 2002 23(24):1908-1921; doi:10.1053/euhj.2002.3236
Copyright © 2002 by the European Society of Cardiology.
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Di Napoli, P.
Right arrow Articles by De Caterina, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Di Napoli, P.
Right arrow Articles by De Caterina, R.
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

Reviews

Statins and stroke: evidence for cholesterol-independent effects

P. Di Napolia, A.A. Taccardia, M. Oliverb and R. De Caterinaa,f1

a University Cardiology Division and Chair of Cardiology, ‘G. d’Annunzio' University, Chieti, Italy
b London, UK

revised March 4, 2002; accepted March 6, 2002

Key Words: HMG-CoA reductase inhibition, stroke, cholesterol, neuroprotection, nitric oxide.

f1 Correspondence: Raffaele De Caterina, MD, PhD, Chair of Cardiology, ‘G. d’Annunzio' University, Chieti, C/o Ospedale S. Camillo de Lellis, Via Forlanini, 50, 66100 Chieti, Italy.

References

  1. Endo A, Kuroda M, Tsujita Y. ML-236A, ML-236B, ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Pennicillium citrinum. J Antibiot. 1976;29:1346–1348[Medline]
  2. Grundy SM. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:24–33[ISI][Medline]
  3. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Regulation of mevalonate pathway. Nature. 1990;343:425–430[CrossRef][Medline]
  4. Anderson KM, Castelli WP, Levy D. Cholesterol and mortality: 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham Study. JAMA. 1987;257:2176–2180[Abstract]
  5. Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, Kuller LH, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361662 men. Lancet. 1986;246:933–936
  6. Manninen V, Elo MO, Frick MH. Lipid alteration and decline in the incidence of coronary artery disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA. 1988;260:641–651[Abstract]
  7. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Mattz JP. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbility from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:946–955[Abstract]
  8. Ornish D, Brown S, Scherwitz L. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. The Lancet. 1990;336:624–626
  9. The Lancet. 1994;344:1383–1389
  10. Byington RP, Jukema JW, Salonen JT. Reduction in cardiovascular events during pravastatin therapy: pooled analysis of clinical events of the pravastatin atherosclerosis intervention program. Circulation. 1995;92:2419–2425[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Lancet. 1996;348:1339–1342[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  12. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001–1009[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. de Faire U, Ericsson C, Grip L, Nilsson J, Svane B, Hamsten A. Secondary preventive potential of lipid-lowering drugs. The Bezafibrate Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (BECAIT). Eur Heart J. 1996;17:37–42[Medline]
  14. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349–1357[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Tell G, Crouse J, Furberg C. Relation between blood lipids, lipopoproteins and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis: a review. Stroke. 1988;19:423–430[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Oliver MF. Cholesterol and strokes. Br Med J. 2000;320:459–460[Free Full Text]
  17. Andrews TC, Raby K, Barry J. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischaemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 1997;95:324–328[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. O‘Driscoll G, Green D, Taylor RR. Simvastatin, an HMG-Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation. 1997;95:1126–1131[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Plehn JF, Davis BR, Sacks FM. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin. The cholesterol and recurrent event (CARE) study. Circulation. 1999;99:216–223[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. White HD, Simes RJ, Anderson NE. Pravastatin therapy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:317–326[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Schwartz GG, Olsson G, Ezekowitz ME. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes. The MIRACL Study: a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1711–1718[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Brown, D, New warnings on cholesterol drugs sought, Washington Post, Washington, DC, 2001, A05
  23. JAMA. 1982;248:1465–1477[Abstract]
  24. Assmann G, Schulte H. The Prospective Cardiovascular Munster Study (PROCAM): prevalence and prognostic significance of hyperlipidemia in men with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59:9–17[CrossRef]
  25. J Chronic Dis. 1978;31:201–306[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  26. The Lancet. 1994;344:633–638
  27. Jukema JW, Bruschke V, van Boven J. Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation. 1995;91:2528–2540[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Br Heart J. 1978;40:1018–1069
  29. Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JNH. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet or diet plus cholesteramine in the St. Thomas‘ Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). The Lancet. 1992;339:563–569
  30. Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Schierf G. Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet: effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1992;86:1–11[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? Br Med J. 1994;308:367–372[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Law MR, Thompson SG, Wald NJ. Assessing possible hazards of reducing serum cholesterol. Br Med J. 1994;308:373–378[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM. Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation. 1994;89:975–990[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. Sachs FM, Pasternak RC, Gibson CM, Rosner B, Stone PH. Effect on coronary atherosclerosis of decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic patients. Lancet. 1994;344:1182–1186[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  35. Amsterdam EA, Deedwanja PC. A perspective on hyperlipidemia: concepts of management in the prevention of coronary artery disease. Am J Med. 1998;105:69S–74S[CrossRef][Medline]
  36. Rosseauw JE, Lewis B, Rifkind BM. The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1112–1119[ISI][Medline]
  37. JAMA. 1984;251:351–364[Abstract]
  38. JAMA. 1984;251:356–374
  39. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and woman with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA. 1998;279:1615–1622[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Colquhoun D, Hicks B, Glasziou P. Comparative meta-analysis of 6 statins and 9 non-statins coronary regression trials. Evidence that cholesterol lowering is the key to outcomes. Circulation. 1996;94:579
  41. Ridker P, Rifa N, Clearfield M. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1959–1965[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. Grundy SM, Pasternak R, Greenland P, Smith SJ, Fuster V. Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiplerisk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 1999;100:1481–1492[Free Full Text]
  43. Kappagoda CT, Amsterdam EA. How much to lower serum cholesterol: is it wrong question? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:289–292[Free Full Text]
  44. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;332:1700–1707
  45. Fager G, Wiklund O. Cholesterol reduction and clinical benefit: are there limits to our expectations? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:3527–3533[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  46. Jacobson TA. ‘The lower the better’ in hypercholesterolemia therapy: a reliable clinical guideline? Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:549–554[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  47. Postiglione A, Napoli C. Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1995;6:236–242[ISI][Medline]
  48. Khaw KT. Epidemiology of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;661:333–338
  49. O‘Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SKJ. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and strokes in older adult. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14–22[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  50. Furberg CD, Adams HPJ, Applegate WBF. The Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) research group. Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 1994;90:1679–1687[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  51. Krouse JRI, Byington RP, Bond MG, Espeland MA, Bond MG. Pravastatin, lipid and atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries (PLAC II). Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:54C–59C[CrossRef][Medline]
  52. Menotti A, Blackburn H, Kromhout D. The inverse relation of average population blood pressure and stroke mortality rates in the Seven Countries Study: a paradox. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997;13:379–386[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  53. Korne-Lubetzki I, Kleinman J, Eliashiv S, Eliakim M. Correlation between serum lipid and stroke in an Israeli population. Neurol Res. 1992;14:78–80[Medline]
  54. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K. Helsinky Heart Study: primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237–1245[Abstract]
  55. Kagan A, McGee DL, Iano K, Rhoads GG, Nomura A. Serum cholesterol and mortality in a Japanese-American population: the Honolulu Heart Program. Am J Epidemiol. 1981;114:11–20[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  56. Iso H, Jacobs DJ, Wentworth D, Neaton J, Cohen J. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:904–910[Abstract]
  57. The Lancet. 1995;346:1647–1653
  58. Atkins D, Koepsell TD, Longstreth JWT, Larson EB. Cholesterol reduction and the risk for stroke in men. A meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Ann Int Med. 1993;118:136–145
  59. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. An overview of trials of cholesterol lowering and risk stroke. Arch Int Med. 1995;155:50–55[Abstract]
  60. Crouse JR, Byington RP, Hoen HM, Furberg CD. Reductase inhibitor monotherapy and stroke prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1305–1310[Abstract]
  61. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Chan KS, Hennekens CH. Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke and total mortality. JAMA. 1997;278:313–321[Abstract]
  62. Blauw GJ, Lagaay AM, Smelt AH, Westendorp RG. Stroke, statins, and cholesterol. A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled, double blind trials with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Stroke. 1997;28:946–950[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  63. Ross SD, Allen E, Connelly JE. Clinical outcomes in statin treatment trials: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1793–1802[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  64. Warshafsky S, Packard D, Marks S. Efficacy of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors for prevention of stroke. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14:777–784[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  65. Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. The Lancet. 1996;348:1079–1082
  66. Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Neuroprotective properties of statins in cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke. 1999;30:1969–1973[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  67. Delanty N, Vaughan CI. Vascular effects of statins in stroke. Stroke. 1997;28:2315–2320[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  68. Lefer AM, Scalia R, Lefer DJ. Vascular effects of HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins) unrelated to cholesterol lowering: new concepts for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;49:281–287[Free Full Text]
  69. Vaughan CI, Delanty N. Neuroprotective properties of statins in cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke. 2000;31:889–890
  70. De Caterina R, Libby P, Peng HP. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation—Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:60–68[ISI][Medline]
  71. Radomsky M, Palmer R, Moncada S. Comparative pharmacology of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide and prostacyclin in platelets. Br J Pharmacol. 1987;92:181–187[ISI][Medline]
  72. Hu SH, Sheng WS, Peterson PK, Chao CC. Differential regulation by cytokines of human astrocyte nitric oxide production. Glia. 1995;15:491–494[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  73. Samdani F, Dawson TM. Nitric oxide synthase in models of focal ischemia. Stroke. 1997;28:1283–1288[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  74. Haller H. Endothelial function: general considerations. Drugs. 1997;53:1–10[ISI][Medline]
  75. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC. Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA. 1998;279:1643–1650[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  76. Forster C, Clark HB, Ross NE, Iadecola C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human cerebral infarct. Acta Neuropathol. 1999;97:215–220[CrossRef][Medline]
  77. Huang PL, Huang Z, Ma J. Enlarged infarct in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knock-out mice are attenuated by nitro-L arginine. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16:981–987[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  78. Zhang F, Iadecola C. Reduction of focal cerebral ischemic damage by delayed treatment with nitric oxide donors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1994;14:574–580[ISI][Medline]
  79. Morikawa E, Huang Z, Moskowitz M. L-arginine decreases infarct size caused by middle cerebral arterial occlusion in SHR. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:H1632–1635[ISI][Medline]
  80. Iadecola C, Zhang F, Casey R, Nagaiama M, Ross ME. Delayed reduction of ischemic brain injury and neurologic deficit in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J Neurosc. 1997;17:9157–9164[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  81. Stamler JS, Jia L, Eu JP. Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosohemoglobin in the physiological oxigen gradient. Science. 1997;276:2034–2037[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  82. Ding M, St Pierre BA, Parkinson JF. Inducible nitric-oxide synthase and nitric oxide production in human fetal astrocytes and microglia: a kinetic analysis. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:11327–11335[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  83. Tung TJ, Bhardwaj A, Davson VL, Davson TL, Trajstman RJ, Hurn PD. Neuroprotective FK506 does not alter in vivo nitric oxide production during ischemia and early reperfusion in rats. Stroke. 1999;30:1279–1285[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  84. Huang Z, Huang PL, Panahian N, Dalkara T, Fishman MC, Moskowitz MA. Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science. 1994;265:1883–1885[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  85. Endres M, Lauf U, Wang Z. Stroke protection by 3-hydroxy-3methyglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reducatse inhibitors mediated by endothelial nitric oxid synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:8880–8885[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  86. Pahan K, Sheikh FG, Namboodiri AMS, Singh I. Lovastatin and phenyl-acetate inhibit the induction on nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia and macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:2671–2679[ISI][Medline]
  87. Laufs U, La Fata V, Liao J. Inhibition of 3.hydroxy-3methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase blocks hypoxia-mediated down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 1997;50:31725–31739
  88. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation. 1998;97:1129–1135[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  89. Lefer M, Campbell B, Shin Y, Scalia R, Hayward R, Lefer DJ. Simvastatin preserves the ischemic-reperfused myocardium in normocholesterolemic rat hearts. Circulation. 1999;100:178–184[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  90. Di Napoli P, Di Muzio M, Maggi A, Taccardi AA, Conti P, Barsotti A. Simvastatin reduces postischemic coronary dysfunction: ultrastructural and functional findings after acute administration. Microvasc Res. 2000;59:181–185[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  91. Di Napoli P, Taccardi AA, Grilli A. Simvastatin reduces reperfusion injury by modulating nitric oxide synthase expression: an ex vivo study in isolated working rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;51:283–293[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  92. Jick H, Zornberg GL, Jick SS, Seshadri S, Drachman DA. Statins and risk of dementia. Lancet. 2000;356:1627–1631[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  93. Liu J, Garcia-Gardena G, Sessa WC. Palmitoylation of nitric oxide synthase is necessary for optimal stimulated release of nitric oxide: implications for caveolae localization. Biochemistry. 1996;35:13277–13281[CrossRef][Medline]
  94. Kohl NF, Mosser SD, deSolms SJ. Selective inhibition of ras-dependent transformation by a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Science. 1993;260:1934–1937[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  95. Fukada J, Takao T, Ohguro H, Joshizawa T, Alkino T, Shimonishi Y. Farnesylated gamma-subunit photoreceptor G-protein indispensable for GTP-binding. Nature. 1990;346:658–660[CrossRef][Medline]
  96. Ng LL, Davies JE, Wojcikiewicz RJH. 3-hydroxy-3methy glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibition modulates vasopressin-stimulated Ca+2 responses in rat A10 vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1994;74:173–181[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  97. Lim L, Manser E, Leung T, Hall C. Regulation of phosphorylation pathways by p21 GTPases. The p21 ras -related rho subfamily and its role in phosphorylation signaling pathways. Eur J Biochem. 1996;242:171–185[ISI][Medline]
  98. Aelst LW, D’Souza-Schorey C. Rho GTPases and signaling networks. Genes Dev. 1997;11:2295–2322[Free Full Text]
  99. Laufs U, Liao JK. Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTP-ase. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:24266–24271[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  100. Laufs U, Liao JK. Targeting Rho in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2000;87:526–528[Free Full Text]
  101. Shaw G, Karmen R. A conserved AU sequence from the 3' untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell. 1986;46:659–667[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  102. Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126[Free Full Text]
  103. Boisvert WA, Santiago R, Curtiss LK, Terkeltaub RA. A leukocyte homologue of the IL-8 receptor CXCR-2 mediates the accumulation of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions of LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:353–363[ISI][Medline]
  104. Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97:2007–2011[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  105. Weber C, Erl W, Weber KS, Weber PC. Effects of oxidized low density lipoprotein, lipid mediators and statins on vascular cell interactions. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1999;37:243–251[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  106. Shah PK. Circulating markers of inflammation for vascular risk prediction. Circulation. 2000;105:1758–1759
  107. Gosling J, Slaymaker S, Gu L. MCP-1 deficiency reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice that overexpress human apolipoprotein B. Clin Invest. 1999;103:773–778
  108. Rajavashisth T, Qiao JH, Tripathi S. Heterozygous osteopetrotic (op) mutation reduces atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:2702–2710[ISI][Medline]
  109. Weissberg P. Mechanisms modifying atherosclerotic disease—from lipids to vascular biology. Atherosclerosis. 1999;47:S3–S10
  110. Amento EP, Ehsani N, Palmer H, Libby P. Cytokines and growth factors positively and negatively regulate interstitial collagen gene expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11:1223–1230[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  111. Sorlie PD, Nieto FJ, Adams E, Folsom R, Sharar E, Massing M. A prospective study of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and coronary heart disease: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;10:2027–2032
  112. Gasbarrini A, Cremonini F, Armuzzi A. The role of Helicobacter pylori in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999;50:735–742[ISI][Medline]
  113. Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. In vitro infection and pathogenesis of Chlamydia pneumoniae in endovascular cellls. Am Heart J. 1999;138:S507–511[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  114. Danesch J, Whincup P, Walker M. Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titles and coronary heart disease: prospective study and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2000;321:208–213[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  115. Danesch J, Whincup P, Walker M. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2000;321:199–204[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  116. Libby P, Aikawa M, Kinlay S, Selwyn A, Ganz P. Lipid lowering improves endothelial functions. Int J Cardiol. 2000;74:S3–S10[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  117. Weber C, Erl W, Weber KSC, Weber P. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors decrease CD11b expression and CD11b-dependent adhesion of monocyte to endothelium and reduce increased adhesiveness on monocytes isolated from patients with hypercholesterolemia. JACC. 1997;30:1212–1217[Abstract]
  118. Scalia R, Lefer DJ, Lefer M. Simvastatin inhibits leukocyte-endothelium interaction in vivo under normocholesterolemic conditions. Essenzial role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 1999;100:I409
  119. Ridker P, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Circulation. 1998;98:839–844[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  120. Kothe H, Dalhoff K, Rupp J. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors modiffy the inflammatory response of human macrophages and endothelial cells infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Circulation. 2000;101:1760–1763[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  121. Lindgren A, Lindoff C, Norrving B, Astedt B, Johansson BM. Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in stroke patients. Stroke. 1996;27:1066–1071[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  122. Davi G, Averna M, Catalano I. Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1992;85:1792–1798[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  123. Libby P, Mach F, Schonbeck U, Bourcier T, Aikawa M. Regulation of the thrombotic potential of atheroma. Thromb Haemost. 1999;82:736–741[ISI][Medline]
  124. Fenton J, Shen G. Statins as cellular antithrombotics. Haemostasis. 1999;29:166–169[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  125. Colli S, Eligini S, Lalli M, Camera M, Paoletti R, Tremoli E. Vastatins inhibit tissue factor in cultured human macrophages. A novel mechanism of protection against atherothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:265–272[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  126. Bourcier T, Libby P. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:556–562[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  127. Aikawa M, Rabkin E, Sugiyama S. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, cerivastatin, suppresses growth of macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinases and tissue factor in vivo and in vitro. Circulation. 2001;103:276–283[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  128. Crisby M, Nordin-Fredriksson G, Shah PK, Yano J, Zhu J, Nilsson J. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation. 2001;103:926–933[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  129. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:915–924[ISI][Medline]
  130. Kita T, Yokode M, Iskii K. The role of oxidized lipoproteins in the pathogenesis atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1992;20:37–42[Medline]
  131. Suzumura K, Yasuhara M, Tanaka K, Odawara A, Narita H, Suzuki T. An in vivo study of the hydroxyl radical scavenging property of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Chem Pharm Bull. 1999;47:1010–1012[Medline]
  132. Youdim K, Martin A, Joseph J. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2000;18:383–389[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  133. Jongkind JF, Verkerk A, Hoogerbrugge N. Monocyte from patients with combined hypercholesterolemia-hypertriglyceridemia and isolated hypercholesterolemia show increased adhesion to endothelial cell in vitro: influence of intrinsec and extrinsec monocyte binding. Metabolism. 1995;44:374–378[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  134. Ussein O, Schlezinger SA, Rosemblat M, Keidar S, Aviram M. Reduced susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with hypocholesterolemic effect of the drug and its binding to LDL. Atherosclerosis. 1997;128:11–18[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  135. Tomas M, Senti M, Garcia-Faria F. Effect of simvastatin therapy on paraoxonase activity and related lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:2113–2119[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  136. Aviram M, Rosembat M, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS. Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil metabolites, but not parent drugs, are potent antioxidants against lipoprotein oxidant. Atherosclerosis. 1998;138:271–280[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  137. Chen L, Haught WH, Yang B, Saldeen TGP, Parthasarathy S, Mehya JL. Preservation of endogenous antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as common mechanism of anti-atherosclerotic effects of vitamin E, lovastatin and amlodipine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:569–575[Abstract]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
L. M. Fedoruk, H. Wang, M. R. Conaway, I. L. Kron, and K. C. Johnston
Statin therapy improves outcomes after valvular heart surgery.
Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2008; 85(5): 1521 - 1525.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NeurologyHome page
A. D. Wahner, J. M. Bronstein, Y. M. Bordelon, and B. Ritz
Statin use and the risk of Parkinson disease
Neurology, April 15, 2008; 70(16_Part_2): 1418 - 1422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
The Annals of PharmacotherapyHome page
N. N Henyan, D. M Riche, H. E East, and P. N Gann
Impact of Statins on Risk of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis
Ann. Pharmacother., December 1, 2007; 41(12): 1937 - 1945.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NeurologyHome page
M. Blanco, F. Nombela, M. Castellanos, M. Rodriguez-Yanez, M. Garcia-Gil, R. Leira, I. Lizasoain, J. Serena, J. Vivancos, M. A. Moro, et al.
Statin treatment withdrawal in ischemic stroke: A controlled randomized study
Neurology, August 28, 2007; 69(9): 904 - 910.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M. Piorkowski, S. Fischer, C. Stellbaum, M. Jaster, P. Martus, A. J. Morguet, H.-P. Schultheiss, and U. Rauch
Treatment With Ezetimibe Plus Low-Dose Atorvastatin Compared With Higher-Dose Atorvastatin Alone: Is Sufficient Cholesterol-Lowering Enough to Inhibit Platelets?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 13, 2007; 49(10): 1035 - 1042.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
D. D. Waters, J. C. LaRosa, P. Barter, J.-C. Fruchart, A. M. Gotto Jr, R. Carter, A. Breazna, J. J.P. Kastelein, and S. M. Grundy
Effects of High-Dose Atorvastatin on Cerebrovascular Events in Patients With Stable Coronary Disease in the TNT (Treating to New Targets) Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 7, 2006; 48(9): 1793 - 1799.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cardiovasc ResHome page
P. Di Napoli, A. A. Taccardi, A. Grilli, M. A. De Lutiis, A. Barsotti, M. Felaco, and R. De Caterina
Chronic treatment with rosuvastatin modulates nitric oxide synthase expression and reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts
Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2005; 66(3): 462 - 471.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart J SupplHome page
B. Dahlof
Implications of recent end-point trials on future management of hypertension and dyslipidaemia
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2004; 6(suppl_G): G13 - G17.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
H. L. Lazar
Role of statin therapy in the coronary bypass patient
Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2004; 78(2): 730 - 740.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Di Napoli, P.
Right arrow Articles by De Caterina, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Di Napoli, P.
Right arrow Articles by De Caterina, R.
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?