Copyright © 2002 by the European Society of Cardiology.
Review
Assessment of myocardial viability by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
a Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
c Franz-Volhard-Klinik, Charité, Humboldt-Universitaet Berlin, Germany
b University Department of Medicine and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
revised September 11, 2001; accepted September 12, 2001
Key Words: Viability, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, late contrast enhancement, dobutamine, inotropic reserve, wall thickness, high energy phosphates
f1 Correspondence: Udo Sechtem, MD, FESC, Department of Cardiology, Robert Bosch Krankenhaus, Auerbachstrasse 110, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
References
- Hammermeister KE, de Rouen TA, Dodge HT. Variables predictive of survival in patients with coronary disease. Selection by univariate and multivariate analyses from the clinical, electrocardiographic, exercise, arteriographic, and quantitative angiographic evaluations. Circulation. 1979;59:421430
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Harris PJ, Harrell FE, Lee KL, Behar VS, Rosati RA. Survival in medically treated coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1979;60:12591269
[Free Full Text] - Mock MB, Ringqvist I, Fisher LD. Survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation. 1982;66:562568
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nixon JV, Brown CN, Smitherman TC. Identification of transient and persistent segmental wall motion abnormalities in patients with unstable angina by two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation. 1982;65:14971503
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kloner RA, Allen J, Cox TA, Zheng Y, Ruiz CE. Stunned left ventricular myocardium after exercise treadmill testing in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:329334[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Breisblatt WM, Stein KL, Wolfe CJ. Acute myocardial dysfunction and recovery: a common occurrence after coronary bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:12611269[Abstract]
- Touchstone DA, Beller GA, Nygaard TW, Tedesco C, Kaul S. Effects of successful intravenous reperfusion therapy on regional myocardial function and geometry in humans: a tomographic assessment using two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:15061513[Abstract]
- Anselmi M, Golia G, Cicoira M. Prognostic value of detection of myocardial viability using low-dose dobutamine echocardiography in infarcted patients. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:21G28G[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Picano E, Sicari R, Landi P. Prognostic value of myocardial viability in medically treated patients with global left ventricular dysfunction early after an acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction: a dobutamine stress echocardiographic study. Circulation. 1998;98:10781084
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Previtali M, Fetiveau R, Lanzarini L, Cavalotti C, Klersy C. Prognostic value of myocardial viability and ischemia detected by dobutamine stress echocardiography early after acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:380386
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kaul S. There may be more to myocardial viability than meets the eye. Circulation. 1995;92:27902793
[Free Full Text] - Gibbons RJ, Miller TD, Christian TF. Infarct size measured by single photon emission computed tomographic imaging with (99m)Tc-sestamibi: A measure of the efficacy of therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101:101108
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Miller TD, Christian TF, Hopfenspirger MR, Hodge DO, Gersh BJ, Gibbons RJ. Infarct size after acute myocardial infarction measured by quantitative tomographic 99mTc sestamibi imaging predicts subsequent mortality. Circulation. 1995;92:334341
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kaul S. Assessing the myocardium after attempted reperfusion: should we bother? Circulation. 1998;98:625627
[Free Full Text] - Yokota C, Nonogi H, Miyazaki S. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:577581[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Adams JED, Abendschein DR, Jaffe AS. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury. Is MB creatine kinase the choice for the 1990s? Circulation. 1993;88:750763
[Free Full Text] - Fishbein MC, Meerbaum S, Rit J. Early phase acute myocardial infarct size quantification: validation of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride tissue enzyme staining technique. Am Heart J. 1981;101:593600[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Heusch G, Schulz R. Hibernating myocardium: A review. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:23592372[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Cigarroa CG, de Filippi CR, Brickner ME, Alvarez LG, Wait MA, Grayburn PA. Dobutamine stress echocardiography identifies hibernating myocardium and predicts recovery of left ventricular function after coronary revascularization. Circulation. 1993;88:430436
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Baer FM, Voth E, LaRosee K. Comparison of dobutamine transesophageal echocardiography and dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging for detection of residual myocardial viability. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:415419[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Pflugfelder PW, Wisenberg G, Prato FS, Carroll SE, Turner KL. Early detection of canine myocardial infarction by magnetic resonance imaging in vivo. Circulation. 1985;71:587594
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lomasney JW, Klocke FJ, Judd RM. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardium at risk: distinction between reversible and irreversible injury throughout infarct healing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:19851991
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation. 1999;100:19922002
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Saeed M, Wendland MF, Masui T. Dual mechanisms for change in myocardial signal intensity by means of a single MR contrast mediumdependence on concentration and pulse sequence. Radiology. 1993;186:175182
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Schaeffer S, Malloy CR, Katz J. Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of reperfused myocardium identification of the myocardial bed at risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12:10641072[Abstract]
- Koenig SH, Spiller M, Brown RD 3rd, Wolf GL. Relaxation of water protons in the intra- and extracellular regions of blood containing Gd(DTPA). Magn Reson Med. 1986;3:791795[Web of Science][Medline]
- Weinmann HJ, Brasch RC, Press WR, Wesbey GE. Characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex: a potential NMR contrast agent. Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142:619624
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Jennings RB, Schaper J, Hill ML, Steenbergen C, Reimer KA. Effect of reperfusion late in the phase of reversible ischaemic injury. Changes in cell volume, electrolytes, metabolites, and ultrastructure. Circ Res. 1985;56:262278
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Reimer KA, Jennings RB. Myocardial Ischemia, Hypoxia and Infarction. Fozzard HA. The Heart and Cardiovascular System. New York: Raven Press; 1992. p. 18751973
- Whalen DA, Hamilton DG, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. Effect of a transient period of ischemia on myocardial cells. I. Effects on cell volume regulation. Am J Pathol. 1974;74:381397[Web of Science][Medline]
- Ambrosio G, Weisman HF, Mannisi JA, Becker LC. Progressive impairment of regional myocardial perfusion after initial restoration of postischaemic blood flow. Circulation. 1989;80:18461861
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JAC, Judd RM. Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation. 1996;94:33183326
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Lima JAC, Jeremy R, Guier W. Accurate systolic wall thickening by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with tissue ragging: Correlation with sonomicrometers in normal and ischaemic myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21:17411751[Abstract]
- Perrone-Filardi P, Bacharach SL, Dilsizian V. Metabolic evidence of viable myocardium in regions with reduced wall thickness and absent wall thickening in patients with chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:161168[Abstract]
- Delanghe J, de Buyzere M, de Scheerder I. Creatine determinations as an early marker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Ann Clin Biochem. 1988;25:383388
- Ingwall JS, Kramer MF, Fifer MA. The creatine kinase system in normal and diseased human myocardium. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:10501054[Abstract]
- Yabe T, Mitsunami K, Inubushi T, Kinoshita M. Quantitative measurements of cardiac phosphorus metabolites in coronary artery disease by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Circulation. 1995;92:1523
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bottomley PA. MR spectroscopy of the human heart: the status and the challenges. Radiology. 1994;191:593612
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bottomley PA, Weiss RG. Non-invasive magnetic-resonance detection of creatine depletion in non-viable infarcted myocardium. Lancet. 1998;351:714718[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Mallory GK, White PD, Salcedo-Galger J. The speed of healing of myocardial infarction: a study of the pathologic anatomy in 72 cases. Am Heart J. 1939;18:647671[CrossRef][Web of Science]
- Pirolo JS, Hutchins GM, Moore GW. Infarct expansion: pathologic analysis of 204 patients with a single myocardial infarct. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:349354[Abstract]
- Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K. Clinical implications of the no reflow phenomenon. A predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;93:223228
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sayad DE, Willett DL, Bridges WH. Noninvasive quantitation of left ventricular wall thickening using cine magnetic resonance imaging with myocardial tagging. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:985989[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Nagel E, Fleck E. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation. 1999;99:763770
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Dendale P, Franken PR, van der Wall EE, de Roos A. Wall thickening at rest and contractile reserve early after myocardial infarction: correlation with myocardial perfusion and metabolism. Coron Artery Dis. 1997;8:259264[Web of Science][Medline]
- Baer FM, Voth E, Schneider CA, Theissen P, Schicha H, Sechtem U. Comparison of low-dose dobutamine-gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. A functional and morphological approach to the detection of residual myocardial viability. Circulation. 1995;91:10061015
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Baer FM, Smolarz K, Jungehulsing M. Chronic myocardial infarction: assessment of morphology, function, and perfusion by gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging and 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile SPECT. Am Heart J. 1992;123:636645[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Garcia DD, Oliveras J, Gili J. Analysis of myocardial edema by magnetic resonance imaging early after coronary artery occlusion with or without reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 1993;27:14621469[Web of Science][Medline]
- Fisher MR, McNamara MT, Higgins CB. Acute myocardial infarction: MR evaluation in 29 patients. Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148:247251
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Johnston DL, Wendt RE, Mulvagh SL, Rubin H. Characterization of acute myocardial infarction by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:12911295[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Thompson RC, Liu P, Brady TJ, Okada RD, Johnston DL. Serial magnetic resonance imaging in patients following acute myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Imaging. 1991;9:155158[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Lim TH, Hong MK, Lee JS. Novel application of breath-hold turbo spin-echo T2 MRI for detection of acute myocardial infarction. JMRI. 1997;7:9961001
- de Roos A, Doornbos J, van der Wall EE, van Voorthuisen AE. MR imaging of acute myocardial infarction: value of Gd-DTPA. Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150:531534
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Matheijssen NAA, de Roos A, van der Wall EE. Acute myocardial infarction: Comparison of T2-weighted and T1-weighted gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1991;17:460469[Web of Science][Medline]
- van Rugge FP, van der Wall EE, van Dijkman PR, Louwerenburg HW, de Roos A, Bruschke AV. Usefulness of ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging in healed myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:12331237[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Edelman RR, Wallner B, Singer A, Atkinson DJ, Saini S. Segmented turboFLASH: method for breath-hold MR imaging of the liver with flexible contrast. Radiology. 1990;177:515521
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology. 2001;218:215223
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Kim RJ. Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q- wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2001;357:2128[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- de Roos A, van Rossum AC, van der Wall E. Reperfused and nonreperfused myocardial infarction: diagnostic potential of Gd-DTPAenhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 1989;172:717720
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Eichstaedt HW, Felix R, Danne O, Dougherty FC, Schmutzler H. Imaging of acute myocardial infarction by magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) using the paramagnetic relaxation substance gadolinium-DTPA. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1989;3:779788[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Lima JA, Judd RM, Bazille A, Schulman SP, Atalar E, Zerhouni EA. Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Potential mechanisms. Circulation. 1995;92:11171125
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - van Rossum AC, Visser FC, van Eenige MJ. Value of gadolinium-diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid dynamics in magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction with occluded and reperfused coronary arteries after thrombolysis. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65:845851[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Dendale P, Franken PR, Block P, Pratikakis Y, de Roos A. Contrast enhanced and functional magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of viable myocardium after infarction. Am Heart J. 1998;135:875880[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:14451453
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM. Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97:765772
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K. Clinical implications of the no reflow phenomenon. A predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;93:223228
- White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, Brandt PW, Whitlock RM, Wild CJ. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1987;76:4451
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Saeed M, Lund G, Wendland MF, Bremerich J, Weinmann H, Higgins CB. Magnetic resonance characterization of the peri-infarction zone of reperfused myocardial infarction with necrosis-specific and extracellular nonspecific contrast media. Circulation. 2001;103:871876
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kramer CM, Rogers WJ Jr, Mankad S, Theobald TM, Pakstis DL, Hu YL. Contractile reserve and contrast uptake pattern by magnetic resonance imaging and functional recovery after reperfused myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:18351840
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Dubnow MH, Burchell HB, Titus JL. Postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm. A clinicomorphologic and electrocardiographic study of 80 cases. Am Heart J. 1965;70:753760[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Baer FM, Theissen P, Schneider CA. Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging predicts contractile recovery of chronically dysfunctional myocardium after successful revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:10401048
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Faletra F, Crivellaro W, Pirelli S. Value of transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in predicting viability in patients with healed Q-wave anterior wall myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:10021006[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Lawson MA, Johnson LL, Coghlan L. Correlation of thallium uptake with left ventricular wall thickness by cine magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute and healed myocardial infarcts. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:434441[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Eichstaedt HW, Felix R, Dougherty FC, Langer M, Rutsch W, Schmutzler H. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in different stages of myocardial infarction using the contrast agent gadolinium-DTPA. Clin Cardiol. 1986;9:527535[Web of Science][Medline]
- Nishimura T, Kobayashi H, O'hara Y. Serial assessment of myocardial infarction by using gated MR imaging and Gd-DTPA. Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153:715720
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - van Dijkman PR, van der Wall EE, de Roos A. Acute, subacute, and chronic myocardial infarction: quantitative analysis of gadolinium-enhanced MR images. Radiology. 1991;180:147151
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Fedele F, Montesano T, Ferro-Luzzi M. Identification of viable myocardium in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: role of magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J. 1994;128:484489[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Ramani K, Judd RM, Holly TA. Contrast magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of myocardial viability in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1998;98:26872694
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Bonow RO. Identification of viable myocardium. Circulation. 1996;94:26742680
[Free Full Text] - Maes A, Flameng W, Nuyts J. Histological alterations in chronically hypoperfused myocardium. Correlation with PET findings. Circulation. 1994;90:735745
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Dakik HA, Howell JF, Lawrie GM. Assessment of myocardial viability with 99mTc-sestamibi tomography before coronary bypass graft surgery: correlation with histopathology and postoperative improvement in cardiac function. Circulation. 1997;96:28922898
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Zamorano J, Delgado J, Almeria C. Comparison of low-dose dobutamine echocardiography vs. dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of myocardial viability: a functional and morphologic approach. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:207
[Free Full Text] - Kim RJ, Lima JA, Chen EL. Fast 23Na magnetic resonance imaging of acute reperfused myocardial infarction. Potential to assess myocardial viability. Circulation. 1997;95:18771885
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kim RJ, Judd RM, Chen EL, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, Lima JA. Relationship of elevated 23Na magnetic resonance image intensity to infarct size after acute reperfused myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1999;100:185192
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
K. H. Schuleri, M. Centola, R. T. George, L. C. Amado, K. S. Evers, K. Kitagawa, A. L. Vavere, R. Evers, J. M. Hare, C. Cox, et al. Characterization of peri-infarct zone heterogeneity by contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 5, 2009; 53(18): 1699 - 1707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Nassenstein, F. Breuckmann, C. Bucher, G. Kaiser, T. Konorza, L. Schafer, I. Konietzka, A. de Greiff, G. Heusch, R. Erbel, et al. How Much Myocardial Damage Is Necessary to Enable Detection of Focal Late Gadolinium Enhancement at Cardiac MR Imaging? Radiology, December 1, 2008; 249(3): 829 - 835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Nieman, M. D. Shapiro, M. Ferencik, C. H. Nomura, S. Abbara, U. Hoffmann, H. K. Gold, I.-K. Jang, T. J. Brady, and R. C. Cury Reperfused Myocardial Infarction: Contrast-enhanced 64-Section CT in Comparison to MR Imaging Radiology, April 1, 2008; 247(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Schmidt, C. F. Azevedo, A. Cheng, S. N. Gupta, D. A. Bluemke, T. K. Foo, G. Gerstenblith, R. G. Weiss, E. Marban, G. F. Tomaselli, et al. Infarct Tissue Heterogeneity by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Identifies Enhanced Cardiac Arrhythmia Susceptibility in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction Circulation, April 17, 2007; 115(15): 2006 - 2014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Baks, F. Cademartiri, A. D. Moelker, A. C. Weustink, R.-J. van Geuns, N. R. Mollet, G. P. Krestin, D. J. Duncker, and P. J. de Feyter Multislice Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Assessment of Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 4, 2006; 48(1): 144 - 152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Mahrholdt, A. Zhydkov, S. Hager, G. Meinhardt, H. Vogelsberg, A. Wagner, and U. Sechtem Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities as well as reduced wall thickness can cause false positive results of routine SPECT perfusion imaging for detection of myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2005; 26(20): 2127 - 2135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Mahrholdt, A. Wagner, R. M. Judd, U. Sechtem, and R. J. Kim Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2005; 26(15): 1461 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. R. Edelman Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging of the Heart: Overview of the Literature Radiology, September 1, 2004; 232(3): 653 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Mahrholdt, C. Goedecke, A. Wagner, G. Meinhardt, A. Athanasiadis, H. Vogelsberg, P. Fritz, K. Klingel, R. Kandolf, and U. Sechtem Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Human Myocarditis: A Comparison to Histology and Molecular Pathology Circulation, March 16, 2004; 109(10): 1250 - 1258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. M. Beek, H. P. Kuhl, O. Bondarenko, J. W. R. Twisk, M. B. M. Hofman, W. G. van Dockum, C. A. Visser, and A. C. van Rossum Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of regional functional improvement after acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 3, 2003; 42(5): 895 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Mahrholdt, A. Wagner, T. A. Holly, M. D. Elliott, R. O. Bonow, R. J. Kim, and R. M. Judd Reproducibility of Chronic Infarct Size Measurement by Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Circulation, October 29, 2002; 106(18): 2322 - 2327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||



