Copyright © 2000 by the European Society of Cardiology.
Review
Congenital and acquired long QT syndrome
a St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K.
b Amsterdam, The Netherlands
c Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt
d Columbia, New York, U.S.A.
e University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
f University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K.
Received March 27, 2000; accepted March 29, 2000
f1 Correspondence: A. John Camm, Professor of Clinical Cardiology, Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW 17 0RE, U.K.
References
- Priori SG, Barhanin J, Hauer RN. Genetic and molecular basis of cardiac arrhythmias; impact on clinical management. Study group on molecular basis of arrhythmias of the working group on arrhythmias of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:174195
[Free Full Text] - Roden DM. Taking the idio out of idiosyncraticpredicting torsades de pointes. PACE. 1998;21:10291034
- Day CP, McComb JM, Campbell RWF. QT dispersion: An indication of arrhythmia risk in patients with long QT intervals. Br Heart J. 1990;63:342344
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Surawicz B. Electrophysiological substrate for Torsade de Pointes: dispersion of refractoriness or early after depolarizations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:172184[Abstract]
- Haverkamp W, Shenassa M, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G. Torsades de Pointes. Zipes DP, Jalife J. Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1995. p. 849855
- Singh B. Amiodarone: pharmacological, electrophysiogical, and clinical profile of an unusual antiarrhythmic compound. Singh BN, Wellens HJJ, Hiraoka M. Electropharmacological control of cardiac arrhythmias. Mount Kisco: Futura Publishing Company; 1994. p. 497522
- Han J, Moe GK. Nonuniform recovery of excitability in ventricular muscle. Circ Res. 1964;14:4460
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Janse MJ, Capucci A, Coronel R, Fabius MAW. Variability in recovery of excitability in the normal canine and the ischaemic porcine heart. Eur Heart J. 1985;6:4150
- Anyukhovsky EP, Sosunov EA, Rosen MR. Regional differences in electrophysiological properties of epicardium, midmyocardium, and endocardium. Circulation. 1996;94:19811988
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Yan G-X, Antzelevitch A. Cellular basis for the normal T-wave and the electrocardiographic manifestations of the long QT-syndrome. Circulation. 1998;98:19281936
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kuo C-S, Munakata K, Reddy CP, Surawicz B. Characteristics and possible mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias dependent on dispersion of action potential durations. Circulation. 1983;67:13561367
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Opthof T, Ramdat Misier AR, Coronel R. Dispersion of refractoriness in canine ventricular muscle. Effects of sympathetic stimulation. Circ Res. 1991;68:12041215
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Ramdat Misier AR, Opthof T, Van Hemel NM. Increased dispersion of refractoriness in patients with idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:15311535[Abstract]
- Ramdat Misier AR, Opthof T, Van Hemel NM. Dispersion of refractoriness in noninfarcted myocardium of patients with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;91:25662572
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sicouri S, Antzelevitch C. A subpopulation of cells with unique electrophysiological properties in the deep subepicardium of canine ventricle. The M cell. Circ Res. 1991;68:17291741
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Liu DW, Antzelevitch C. Characteristics of the delayed rectifier current (IKrand IKs) in canine ventricular epicardial, midmyocardial, and endocardial myocytes. A weaker IKscontributes to the longer action potential of the M cell. Circ Res. 1995;76:351365
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Rodriguez-Sinovas A, Cinca J, Tapias A, Armadans L, Tresanchez M, Soler-Soler J. Lack of evidence of M cells in porcine left ventricular myocardium. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;33:307313[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Drouin E, Charpentier F, Gauthier C, Laurent K, Le Marec H. Electrophysiologic characteristics of cells spanning the left ventricular wall of human heart: evidence for presence of M cells. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:185192[Abstract]
- Shimizu W, Antzelevitch C. Cellular and ionic basis for T-wave alternans under long-QT conditions. Circulation. 1999;99:14991507
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Anyukhovsky EP, Sosunov EA, Gainullin RZ, Rosen MR. The controversial M cell. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:244260[Web of Science][Medline]
- Rosenbaum MB, Blanco HH, Elizari MV, Lazzari JO, Davidenko JM. Electrotonic modulation of the T wave and cardiac memory. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50:213222[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Rosenbaum MB, Blanco HH, Elizari MV. Electrocardiographic characteristics and main causes of pseudoprimary T wave changes. Coumel P, Garfein OB. Electrocardiography: Past and Future. 1990. p. 3650
- Shvilkin A, Danilo P Jr, Wang J. Evolution and resolution of long-term cardiac memory. Circulation. 1998;97:18101817
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Rosen MR, Cohen IS, Danilo P Jr, Steinberg SF. The heart remembers. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;40:469482
[Free Full Text] - Yu H, McKinnon D, Dixon JE. Transient outward current, Ito1, is altered in cardiac memory. Circulation. 1999;99:18981905
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Katz AM. T wave memory: Possible causal relationship to stress-induced changes in cardiac ion channels? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1992;3:150159[CrossRef][Web of Science]
- Ricard P, Danilo P Jr, Cohen IS, Burkhoff D, Rosen MR. A role for therenin-angiotensin system in the evolution of cardiac memory. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:545551[Web of Science][Medline]
- Beuckelmann DJ, Nabauer M, Erdmann E. Intracellular calcium handling in isolated ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circulation. 1992;85:10461055
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Myerburg RJ, Epstein K, Gaide MS. Electrophysiologic consequences of experimental acute ischemia superimposed on healed myocardial infarction in cats. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:323330[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Peters NS, Wit AL. Myocardial architecture and ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Circulation. 1998;97:17461754
[Free Full Text] - Barr CS, Naas A, Freeman M, Lang CC, Struthers AD. QT dispersion and sudden unexpected death in chronic heart failure. Lancet. 1994;343:327329[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Murray A, McLaughlin NB, Bourke JP, Doig JC, Furniss SS, Campbell RW. Errors in manual measurement of QT intervals. Br Heart J. 1994;71:386390
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Murray A, McLaughlin NB, Campbell RW. Measuring QT dispersion: man versus machine. Heart. 1997;77:539542
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Fu GS, Meissner A, Simon R. Repolarization dispersion and sudden cardiac death in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:281289
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Lindsay SJ, Brooksby P, Batin PD. The addition of late potentials and QT measurements to heart rate variability analysis does not improve risk stratification in chronic heart failure (Abstr). Circulation. 1998;98:I440
- Morley-Davies A, Cobbe SM, Dargie HJ. Non-invasive prediction of death in chronic heart failure (Abstr). Heart. 1999;81:7P
- Coumel P. Safety of bepridil: from review of the European data. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:75D78D[CrossRef][Medline]
- Simons FER, Kesselmann MS, Giddings NG, Pelech AN, Simons KJ. Astemizole-induced torsades de pointes. Lancet. 1988;45:624
- Woosley RL, Chen Y, Freiman JP, Gilles RA. Mechanism of the cardiotoxic actions terfenadine. JAMA. 1993;269:15321536
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Gitler B, Berger LS, Buffa SD. Torsades de pointes induced by erythromycin. Chest. 1994;105:368372
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - White NJ, Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA. Quinine and quinidine: a comparison of EKG effects during the treatment of malaria. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1983;5:173175[Web of Science][Medline]
- Nosten F, ter Kuile FO, Luxemburger C. Cardiac effects of antimalarial treatment with halofantrine. Lancet. 1993;341:10541056[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Honig PK, Wortham DC, Zamani K, Conner DP, Mulin JC, Cantilena LR. Terfenadine-ketoconazole interaction. Pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic consequences. JAMA. 1993;269:15131518
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Baker B, Dorian P, Sandor P, Shapiro C, Mitchell J, Irvine MJ. Electrocardiographic effects of fluoxetine and doxepin in patients with major depressive disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17:1521[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Swanson JR, Jones GR, Krasselt W, Denmark LN, Ratti F. Death of two subjects due to imipramine and desipramine metabolite accumulation during chronic therapy: a review of the literature and possible mechanisms. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42:335339[Web of Science][Medline]
- Buckley NA, Whyte IM, Dawson AH. Cardiotoxicity more common in thioridazine overdose than with other neuroleptics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1995;33:199204[Web of Science][Medline]
- Barnett AA. Safety concerns over antipsychotic drug, sertindole. Lancet. 1996;348:256
- Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance. 1995;21:1
- Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:290291
[Free Full Text] - Makkar RR, Fromm BS, Steinman RT, Meissner MD, Lehmann MH. Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA. 1993;270:25902597
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
L. Eckardt, G.;n. Breithardt, and S. Hohnloser CHAPTER 30 Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Cardiac Death ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Due-Andersen, T. Hoi-Hansen, C. E. Larroude, N. V. Olsen, J. K. Kanters, F. Boomsma, U. Pedersen-Bjergaard, and B. Thorsteinsson Cardiac repolarization during hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes: impact of basal renin-angiotensin system activity Europace, July 1, 2008; 10(7): 860 - 867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Due-Andersen, T. Hoi-Hansen, N. V. Olsen, C. E. Larroude, J. K. Kanters, F. Boomsma, U. Pedersen-Bjergaard, and B. Thorsteinsson Cardiac repolarization during hypoglycaemia and hypoxaemia in healthy males: impact of renin-angiotensin system activity Europace, February 1, 2008; 10(2): 219 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Thomas, M. J. Killeen, I. S. Gurung, P. Hakim, R. Balasubramaniam, C. A. Goddard, A. A. Grace, and C. L.-H. Huang Mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmogenesis in mice following targeted disruption of KCNE1 modelling long QT syndrome 5 J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 99 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. J. Milan and C. A. MacRae Animal models for arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2005; 67(3): 426 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. A. Cahill and G. J. Gross Propafenone and Its Metabolites Preferentially Inhibit IKrin Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2004; 308(1): 59 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Tosaka, M. C. Casimiro, Q. Rong, S. Tella, M. Oh, A. N. Katchman, J. C. Pezzullo, K. Pfeifer, and S. N. Ebert Nicotine Induces a Long QT Phenotype in Kcnq1-Deficient Mouse Hearts J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2003; 306(3): 980 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. He, M. E. Kargacin, G. J. Kargacin, and C. A. Ward Tamoxifen inhibits Na+ and K+ currents in rat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 11, 2003; 285(2): H661 - H668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Kaab, M. Hinterseer, M. Nabauer, and G. Steinbeck Sotalol testing unmasks altered repolarization in patients with suspected acquired long-QT-syndrome--a case-control pilot study using i.v. sotalol Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2003; 24(7): 649 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. J. Milan, T. A. Peterson, J. N. Ruskin, R. T. Peterson, and C. A. MacRae Drugs That Induce Repolarization Abnormalities Cause Bradycardia in Zebrafish Circulation, March 18, 2003; 107(10): 1355 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C.-E. Chiang, H.-N. Luk, T.-M. Wang, and P. Y.-A. Ding Prolongation of cardiac repolarization by arsenic trioxide Blood, August 28, 2002; 100(6): 2249 - 2252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Rubinstein and J. Camm Cardiotoxicity of fluoroquinolones J. Antimicrob. Chemother., April 1, 2002; 49(4): 593 - 596. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Brunner, W. Guo, G. F. Mitchell, P. D. Buckett, J. M. Nerbonne, and G. Koren Characterization of mice with a combined suppression of Ito and IK,slow Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): H1201 - H1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. S. Kass and C. Cabo Channel structure and drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias PNAS, October 24, 2000; 97(22): 11683 - 11684. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||










