Skip Navigation

European Heart Journal 2000 21(20):1653-1665; doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2339
Copyright © 2000 by the European Society of Cardiology.
This Article
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (21)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Disclaimer
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Lip, G.Y.H
Right arrow Articles by Beevers, D.G
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Lip, G.Y.H
Right arrow Articles by Beevers, D.G
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

Review

Hypertensive heart disease. A complex syndrome or a hypertensive ‘cardiomyopathy’?

G.Y.H Lipf1, D.C Felmeden, F.L Li-Saw-Hee and D.G Beevers

University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, U.K.

revised July 3, 2000; accepted July 7, 2000

Key Words: Hypertensive heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, regression

f1 Correspondence: Dr G. Y. H. Lip, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, U.K.

References

  1. Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. Prevention and treatment. JAMA. 1996;275:1571–1576[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561–1566[Abstract]
  3. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Schlussel Y, Alderman MH, Laragh JH. Echocardiographic LV mass and electrolyte intake predict arterial hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:202–209[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Post WS, Larson MG, Levy D. Impact of left ventricular structure on the incidence of hypertension. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994;90:179–185[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Messerli FH, Grodzicki T. Hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:66–69
  6. McLenachan JM, Henderson E, Morris KI, Dargie HJ. Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:787–792[Abstract]
  7. Ghali JK, Kadakia S, Cooper RS, Liao YL. Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:1277–1282[Abstract]
  8. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C. Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and geometry in systemic hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:197–202[Web of Science][Medline]
  9. Kannel WB, Cobb J. Left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality: the results from the Framingham Study. Cardiology. 1992;81:291–298[Web of Science][Medline]
  10. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Ganau A, de Simone G, Okin PM, Kligfield P. Cardiac and arterial hypertrophy and atherosclerosis in hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;23:802–809[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:879–884[Abstract]
  12. Kannel WB. Prognostic implications of electrocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol. 1996;60:86–93
  13. Lip GYH, Beevers M, Beevers DG. Complications and survival of 315 patients with malignant-phase hypertension. J Hypertens. 1995;13:915–924[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  14. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Sex differences in cardiac adaptation to isolated systolic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:310–313[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  15. Messerli FH, Sundgaard-Riise K, Ventura HO, Dunn FG, Oigman W, Frohlich ED. Clinical and haemodynamic determinants of left ventricular dimensions. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:477–481[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Drayer JM, Weber MA, De Young JL. Blood pressure as a determinant of cardiac left ventricular mass. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143:90–92[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Prisant LM, Carr AA. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiographic left ventricular wall thickness and mass. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3:81–89[Web of Science][Medline]
  18. Straessen JA, Bieniaszewski L, O'Brien E. Nocturnal blood pressure fall on ambulatory monitoring in a large international database. Hypertension. 1997;29:30–39[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Zakopoulos N, Stamatelopoulos S, Toumanidis S, Saridakis N, Trika C, Moulopoulos S. 24h blood pressure profile affects the left ventricle independently of the pressure level. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:168–174[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  20. Verdecchia P. Left ventricular mass in dippers and non-dippers. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1481–1482[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  21. Fagard R, Staessen JA, Thijs L. The relationships between left ventricular mass and day-time and night-time blood pressures: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. J Hypertens. 1995;13:823–829[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  22. Floras JS. Antihypertensive treatment, myocardial infarction, and nocturnal myocardial ischaemia. Lancet. 1988;2:994–996[Web of Science][Medline]
  23. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Imiya M, Matsuo M, Shimada K. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients. Advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension. 1996;27:130–135[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351:1755–1762[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  25. Messerli FH, Ketelhut R. Left ventricular hypertrophy—an independent risk factor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1991;17:S59–S67[CrossRef]
  26. Frohlich ED, Tarazi RC, Dustan ED. Clinical-physiological correlations in the development of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 1971;44:455–464
  27. Grohe C, Kahlert S, Lobbert K. Modulation of hypertensive heart disease by estrogen. Steroids. 1996;61:201–204[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  28. Bonadure D, Rotondi F, Capozzi E. Myocardial hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients: an echo Doppler evaluation. Eur Heart J. 1989;10:611–621[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Simek CL, Fledman MD, Haber HL, Wu CC, Jayaweera AR, Kaul S. Relationship between left ventricular wall thickness and left atrial size: comparison with other measures of diastolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1993;8:318–325
  30. Dernellis JM, Vyssoulis GP, Zacharoulis AA, Toutouzas PK. Effects of antihypertensive therapy on left atrial function. J Hum Hypertns. 1996;10:789–794
  31. Devereux RB, Reichek N. Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man: anatomic validation of the method. Circulation. 1977;55:613–618[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Jones RS. The weight of the heart and its chambers in hypertensive cardiovascular disease with and without failure. Circulation. 1953;7:357–369[Web of Science][Medline]
  33. Savage D, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB. The spectrum of left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population sample: the Framingham study. Circulation. 1987;75:I-26–33[Medline]
  34. Devereux RB, Lutas EM, Casale PN. Standardization of M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular anatomic measurements. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4:1222–1230[Abstract]
  35. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Koren MJ, Meyer RA, Laragh JH. Effect of growth on variability of left ventricular mass: assessment of allometric signals in adults and children and their capacity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1056–1062[Abstract]
  36. Liao Y, Cooper RS, Durazo-Arvizu R, Mensah GA, Ghali KJ. Prediction of mortality by different methods of indexation for left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:641–647[Abstract]
  37. Germain P, Roul G, Kastler B, Mossard JM, Bareiss P, Sacrez A. Inter-study variability in left ventricular mass measurements. Comparison between M-mode echocardiography and MRI. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:1011–1019[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Allison JD, Flickinger FW, Wright JC. Measurement of left ventricular mass in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using MRI: comparison with echocardiography. Magn Reson Imaging. 1993;11:329–334[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  39. Cabezas M, Combellas A, Ramon Gomez J. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of the electrocardiography criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy according to the methods of Romhilt-Estes, Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell and Rodrigez Padial. Rev Esp Cardiol. 1997;50:31–35[Web of Science][Medline]
  40. Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Borgioni C. Improved electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:714–719[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  41. Kannel WB. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor: The Framingham experience. J Hypertens. 1991;9:S3–S9
  42. Huwez FU, Pringle SD, Macfarlane PW. Variable patterns of ST-T abnormalities in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and normal coronary arteries. Br Heart J. 1992;67:304–307[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  43. Morgan HE, Baker KM. Cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanical, neural and endocrine dependence. Circulation. 1991;83:13–25[Free Full Text]
  44. Kent RL, Mann DL, Cooper G. Signals for cardiac muscle hypertrophy in hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1991;17:S7–S13[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  45. Weber KT, Brilla CG, Campbell SE, Zhou G, Matsubara L, Guarda E. Pathophysiological hypertrophy with fibrosis: the structural basis for myocardial failure. Blood Pressure. 1992;1:75–85[Medline]
  46. Anversa P, Palackal T, Sonnenblick EH, Olivetti G, Capasso JM. Hypertensive cardiomyopathy. Myocyte nuclei hyperplasia in the mammalian rat heart. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:994–997[Web of Science][Medline]
  47. Campbell SE, Janicki JS, Matsubara BB, Weber KT. Myocardial fibrosis in rat with mineralocorticoid excess. Prevention of scarring by amiloride. Am J Hypertens. 1993;6:487–495[Web of Science][Medline]
  48. Schwartzkopff B, Frentzel H, Dieckerhoff J. Morphometric investigation of human myocardium in arterial hypertension and valvular aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:17–23
  49. Sen S, Bumpus FM. Collagen synthesis in development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44:954–958[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  50. Teiger E, Dam TV, Richard L. Apoptosis in pressure-overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:2891–2897[Web of Science][Medline]
  51. Liu P, Sole MJ. What is the relevance of apoptosis to the myocardium? Can J Cardiol. 1999;15:8B–10B[Medline]
  52. Seraste A, Pulkki K, Kallajoki M. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis and progression of heart failure to transplantation. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999;29:369–371[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  53. Li Z, Bing OH, Long X, Robinson KG, Lakatta EG. Increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis during the transition to heart failure in the spontaneous hypertensive rat. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:H2313–2319[Web of Science][Medline]
  54. Krayenbuehl HP, Hess OM, Monrad ES, Schnelder J, Mall G, Turina M. Left ventricular myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before, intermediate, and late after aortic valve replacement. Circulation. 1989;79:744–755[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  55. Weber KT, Sun Y, Guarda E. Structural remodelling in hypertensive heart disease and the roles of hormones. Hypertension. 1994;23:869–877[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  56. Friedrich SP, Lorell BH, Rousseau MF. Intracardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves diastolic function in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to aortic stenosis. Circulation. 1994;90:2761–2771[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  57. Anversa P, Ricci R, Olivetti G. Quantitative structural analysis of the myocardium during physiological growth and induced cardiac hypertrophy: a review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:1140–1149[Abstract]
  58. Brilla CG, Pick R, Tan LB, Janicki JS, Weber KT. Remodelling of the rat right and left ventricle in experimental hypertension. Circ Res. 1990;76:1355–1364
  59. Frohlich ED, Apstein C, Chobanian AV. The heart in hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:998–1008[Web of Science][Medline]
  60. Simpson TE, Dansky HM, Buttrick PM. Molecular genetic mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Risk Factors. 1995;5:93–108
  61. Sun Y, Weber KT. Angiotensin II and aldosterone receptor binding: response to chronic angiotensin II or aldosterone administration. J Lab Clin Med. 1993;122:404–411[Web of Science][Medline]
  62. Sun Y, Weber KT. Cells expressing angiotensin II receptors in fibrous tissue of rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:518–525[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  63. Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Aquino D. Effects of losartan on hypertension and left ventricular mass: a long-term study. J Hum Hypertens. 1998;12:505–510[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  64. Gottdiener JS, Thurmann PA, Kenedi P, Schmidt A, Harder S, Rietbrock N. Influence of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1999;100:685–688[Medline]
  65. Dzau VJ. Implications of local angiotensin production in cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59:59A–65A[CrossRef][Medline]
  66. Pitt B. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation. 1998;98:1987–1989[Free Full Text]
  67. Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM, Frohlich ED. Pumping ability of the hypertrophying left ventricle of the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res. 1976;38:423–429[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  68. Harrap SB, Dominiczak AF, Fraser R. Plasma angiotensin II, predisposition to hypertension, and left ventricular size in healthy young adults. Circulation. 1996;93:1148–1154[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  69. Schmieder RE, Langenfield MRW, Friedrich A, Schobel HP, Gatzka CD, Weihprecht H. Angiotensin II related to sodium excretion modulates left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension. Circulation. 1996;94:1304–1309[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  70. Pickering TG, Herman L, Devereux RB. Recurrent pulmonary oedema in hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis: treatment by angioplasty or surgical revascularisation. Lancet. 1988;2:551–552[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  71. Gavras H, Kremer D, Brown JJ. Angiotensin- and norepinephrine-induced myocardial lesions: experimental and clinical studies in rabbit and man. Am Heart J. 1975;89:321–332[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  72. Gavras H, Brown JJ, Lever AF, MacAdam RF, Robertson JIS. Acute renal failure, tubular necrosis, and myocardial infarction induced in the rabbit by intravenous angiotensin. Lancet. 1971;ii:19–22
  73. MacFadyen RJ, Barr CS, Struthers AD. Aldosterone blockade reduces vascular collagen turnover, improves heart rate variability and reduces early morning rise in heart rate in heart failure patients. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;35:30–34[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  74. Brilla CG, Matsubara LS, Weber KT. Antifibrotic effects of spironolactone in preventing myocardial fibrosis in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:12A–16A[CrossRef][Medline]
  75. Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathophysiological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation. 1991;83:1849–1865[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  76. Pitt B, Zannad F, Reme WJ. The effect of Spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–717[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  77. Beevers DG, Brown JJ, Ferris JB. Renal abnormalities and vascular complications in primary hyperaldosteronism. Evidence on tertiary hyperaldosteronism. QJM. 1976;179:401–410
  78. Julius S, Gundrandsson T, Jamerson K, Anderson O. The interconnection between sympathetics, microcirculation and insulin resistance in hypertension. Blood Pressure. 1992;1:9–19[Medline]
  79. Mackintosh VS, Phan CT, Mortimer BK, Redgrave TG. Vasoactive mediators affect the clearance of lipids from emulsion models of plasma lipoproteins in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27:447–454[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  80. Tarazi RC, Sen S, Saragoca M, Khairallah P. The multifactorial role of catecholamines in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy. Eur Heart J. 1982;3:103–110
  81. Kelm M, Schafer S, Mingers S, Heydthausen M, Vogt M, Motz W. Left ventricular mass is linked to cardiac norpinephrine in normotensive and hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 1996;14:1357–1364[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  82. Cruickshank JM, Lewis J, Moore V, Dodd V. Reversibility of left ventricular hypertrophy by differing types of antihypertensive therapy. J Hum Hypertens. 1992;6:85–90[Web of Science][Medline]
  83. Francis GS, Cohn JN, Johnson G, Rector TS, Goldman S, Simon A. Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and congestive heart failure: relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V-HeFT II. Circulation. 1993;87:140–148
  84. Frohlich ED, Chien Y, Sesoko S, Pegram BL. Relationship between sodium intake, haemodynamics, and cardiac mass in SHR and WKY rats. Am J Physiol. 1993;15:I157–160
  85. Daniels SD, Meyer RA, Loggie JMH. Determinants of cardiac involvement in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1990;82:1243–1248[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  86. Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Gravaglia GE, Nunez BD. Dietary salt intake. A determinant of cardiac involvement in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1988;78:951–956[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  87. Schmieder RE, Grude E, Impelmann V. Determinants of myocardial hypertrophy in mild essential hypertension. Impact of dietary salt intake on left ventricular hypertrophy. Zeitschr f. Kardiol. 1990;79:557–564
  88. Liebson P, Grandits GA, Primeas. Comparison of five antihypertension monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional-hygenic therapy in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOHMS). Circulation. 1992;86:599
  89. Langenfeld, MRW, Schmieder, RE, Salt and LV: what are the links? J Human Hypertens, 1995, 9, 909, 16
  90. Watanabe K, Sekiya M, Tsuruoka T, Funada J, Kameoka H. Effect of insulin resistance on left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1999;17:1153–1160[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  91. Lind L, Anderson PE, Andren B, Hanni A, Lithel HO. Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension is associated with insulin resistance metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens. 1995;13:433–438[Web of Science][Medline]
  92. Sasson Z, Rasoolyr Y, Bhesania T, Rasooly I. Insulin resistance is an important determinant of left ventricular mass in the obese. Circulation. 1993;88:1431–1436[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  93. Nakamura NH, Kohara K, Suminto T, Lin M, Hiwada K. Glucose intolerance exaggerates left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:1110–1114[Web of Science][Medline]
  94. Jain A, Avendano G, Dharamsey S, Dasmahaparta A, Agarwal R, Reddi A. Left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension and role of plasma glucose and insulin: comparison with diabetic heart. Circulation. 1996;93:1396–1402[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  95. Pacy PJ, Dodson PM, Beevers M, Fletcher RF, Taylor KG. Prevalence of hypertension in White, Black and Asian diabetics in a district hospital diabetic clinic. Diabetic Med. 1985;2:125–130[Medline]
  96. Lancet. 1998;352:854–865[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  97. Strauer BE, Motz W, Vogt M, Schwartzkopff B. Impaired coronary flow reserve in NIDDM: a possible role for diabetic cardiopathy in humans. Diabetes. 1997;46:S119–124[Medline]
  98. Yamamoto K, Burnett JC Jr, Jougasaki M. Superiority of brain peptide as a hormonal marker of ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction and ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 1996;28:988–994[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  99. Stula M, Pinto YM, Gschwend S. Interaction of the renin-angiotensin system and the endothelin system in cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31:S403–405[Medline]
  100. Graf K, Do YS, Ashizawa N. Myocardial osteopontin expression is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1997;96:3063–3071[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  101. Laviades C, Varo N, Fernandez J. Abnormalities of the extracellular degradation of collagen type I in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998;98:535–540[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  102. Stefenelli T, Abela C, Frank H, Koller-Strametz J, Bergler-Klein J, Niederle B. Cardiac abnormalities in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: implications for follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:106–112[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  103. Fazio S, Cittadini A, Cuocolo A. Impaired cardiac performance is a distinct feature of uncomplicated acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79:441–446[Abstract]
  104. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corval P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin 1-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:1343–1346[Web of Science][Medline]
  105. Tirte L, Rigat B, Visvikis S, Brenda C, Corvol P, Cambien F. Evidence from combined segregation and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Am J Hum Genet. 1992;51:197–205[Web of Science][Medline]
  106. Prasad N, O'Kane KPJ, Johnstone HA. The relationship between blood pressure and left ventricular mass in essential hypertension is observed only in the presence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion allele. QJM. 1994;87:659–662[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  107. Celentano A, Mancini FP, Crivaro M. Cardiovascular risk factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism, and left ventricular mass in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:1196–1200[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  108. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Havranek EP, Krick D, Raynolds M, Schrier RW. Deletion of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene is associated with an increase in left ventricular mass in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:637–642[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  109. Polikar R, Burger AG, Scherrer U, Nicod P. The thyroid and the heart. Circulation. 1993;87:1435–1441[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  110. Taskiran M, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Jensen GB, Jensen JS. Urinary albumin excretion in hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction. Prevalence of microalbuminuria and correlation to left ventricle wall thickness. Scand Cardiovasc J. 1998;32:163–166[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  111. Lip, GYH, Li-Saw-Hee, FL, Does hypertension confer a hypercoagulable state? J Hypertens, 1998, 16, 913, 6
  112. Lip GYH, Blann AD, Jones AF, Lip PL, Beevers DG. Relation of endothelium, thrombogenesis, and haemorheology in systemic hypertension to ethnicity and left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1566–1571[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  113. Agewell S, Wikstrand J, Fagerberg B. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 is a risk factor for myocardial infarction in treated hypertensive men. J Hypertens. 1998;16:537–541[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  114. Blann AD, Waite MA. von Willebrand factor and soluble E-selectin in hypertension: influence of treatment and value in predicting the progression of atherosclerosis. Cor Art Dis. 1995;7:143–147
  115. McInnes GT. Hypertension and coronary artery disease: cause and effect. J Hypertens. 1996;13:S49–S56
  116. Guazzi M. Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension, coronary micro- and macrovascular disease, and myocardial ischaemia. Cardiovasc Risk Factors. 1995;5:133–139
  117. Nitenberg A, Antony I. Epicardial coronary arteries are not adequately sized in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:115–123[Abstract]
  118. Egashira K, Suzuki S, Hirooka Y. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of large epicardial and resistance coronary arteries in patients with essential hypertension. Different responses to acetylcholine and substance P. Hypertension. 1995;25:201–206[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  119. Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kligfield P. Association of carotid atherosclerosis with electrocardiographic myocardial ischaemia and left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 1996;28:3–7[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  120. Bikkina M, Levy D, Evans JC. Left ventricular mass and risk of stroke in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994;272:33–36[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  121. Meyers DG, Bendon KA, Hankins JH, Stratbucker RA. The effect of baseline electrocardiographic abnormalities on the diagnostic accuracy of exercise induced ST segment changes. Am J Heart. 1990;119:272–276[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  122. Toumanidis ST, Pantelia MI, Trika CO. Detection of coronary artery disease in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol. 1996;57:245–255[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  123. Pringle SD, Macfarlane PW, McKillop JH, Lorimer AR, Dunn FG. Pathophysiologic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy and strain in asymptomatic patients with essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:1377–1381[Abstract]
  124. Brush JE, Cannon RO, Shenke WH. Angina due to coronary microvascular disease in hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1302–1307[Abstract]
  125. Marcus ML, Mueller TM, Gascho JA, Kerber RE. Effects of cardiac hypertrophy secondary to hypertension on the coronary circulation. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44:1023–1028[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  126. Mueller TM, Marcus ML, Kerber RE, Young JA, Barnes RW, Abboud FM. Effect of renal hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy on the coronary circulation in dogs. Circ Res. 1978;42:543–549[Free Full Text]
  127. Vogt M, Motz WH, Schwartzkopf B, Strauer BE. Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of hypertensive hypertrophy. Eur Heart J. 1993;14:82–87
  128. Vriz, O, Piccolo, D, Cozzutti, E, The effects of alcohol consumption on ambulatory blood pressure and target organs in subjects with borderline to mild hypertension, HARVEST Study Group, Am J Hypertens, 1998, 11, 230, 4
  129. Curtis, AB, James, SA, Strogartz, DS, Raghunathan, TE, Harlow, S, Alcohol consumption and changes in blood pressure among African Americans, The Pitt County Study, Am J Epidemiol, 1997, 14, 72, 33
  130. Friedman, HS, Cardiovascular effects of alcohol. Recent Dev Alcohol, 1998, 14, 135, 66
  131. Messerli FH, Ventura HO, Elizardi DJ, Dunn FG, Frohlich ED. Hypertension and sudden death. Increased ventricular ectopic activity in left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Med. 1984;77:18–22[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  132. Pringle SD, Dunn FG, Macfarlane PW, McKillop JH, Lorimer AR, Cobbe SM. Significance of ventricular arrhythmias in systemic hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:913–917[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  133. Rials SJ, Wu Y, Ford N. Effect of left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression on ventricular electrophysiology and vulnerability to inducible arrhythmias in the feline heart. Circulation. 1997;91:426–430
  134. Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. Non-potassium sparing diuretics and risk of sudden cardiac death. J Hypertens. 1995;:1539–1545
  135. JAMA. 1991;265:3255–3264[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  136. Franz MR, Bargheer K, Rafflenbeul W, Haverich A, Lichtlen PR. Monophasic action potential mapping in human subjects with normal electrocardiograms: direct evidence for genesis of the T wave. Circulation. 1987;75:386–397
  137. Lopez Gil M, Arribas F, Velazquez MT, Casa P. Hypertensive cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. Rev Esp Cardiol. 1997;50:68–73[Medline]
  138. Vaziri SM, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Echcardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994;89:724–730[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  139. Cowie, MR, Wood, DA, Coats, AJS, Thompson, SG, Poole-Wilson, PA, Suresh, V, Incidence and aetiology of heart failure: a population-based study. Eur Heart J, 1999, 20, 421, 8
  140. Kannel WB, Levy D, Cupples LA. Left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of cardiac failure. Insights from the Framingham Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987;10:S135–140[Web of Science]
  141. Galderesi M, Petrocelli A, Alfieri A, Garofalo M, de Divitiis O. Impact of ambulatory blood pressure on left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in uncomplicated arterial systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:597–601[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  142. Weber KT. Cardiac interstitium in health and disease: the fibrillar collagen network. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:1637–1652[Abstract]
  143. Thiedemann KU, Holubarsch C, Medugoric I, Jacob R. Connective tissue content and myocardial stiffness in pressure overload hypertrophy. A combined study of morphologic, morphometric, biochemical and mechanical parameters. Basic Res Cardiol. 1983;78:140–155[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  144. Brilla CG, Weber KT. Reactive and reparative myocardial fibrosis in arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 1992;26:671–677[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  145. Capasso JM, Palackal T, Olivetti G, Anversa P. Left ventricular failure induced by long term hypertension in rats. Circ Res. 1990;66:1400–1412[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  146. Sechtem U. The athlete's heart revisited. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:1138–1140[Free Full Text]
  147. Pfeffer JM. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy as viewed from the periphery. Curr Op Cardiol. 1995;9:527–533
  148. McMahon SW, Wilcken DE, McDonald JG. The effects of weight reduction on left ventricular mass. Randomised control trial in young, overweight, hypertensive patients. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:334–339[Abstract]
  149. Devereux RB, Dahlof B. Criteria for an informative trial of left ventricular hypertrophy regression. J Hum Hypertens. 1994;8:735–739[Web of Science][Medline]
  150. Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hypertens. 1992;5:95–110[Web of Science][Medline]
  151. Schmieder RE, Martus P, Klingbeil A. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. JAMA. 1996;275:1507–1513[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  152. Schlaich MP, Schmieder RE. Left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:1394–1404[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  153. Thurmann PA. Angiotensin II antagonism and the heart: Valsartan in left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiology. 1999;91:3–7[Medline]
  154. Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Kurosaki TT, Bild DE. The prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in general population of young adults: echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults. Circulation. 1995;92:785–789[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  155. Gardin J, Siscovick D, Anton-Culver H. Sex, age and disease affect echocardiographic left ventricular mass and systolic function in the free-living elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 1995;91:1739–1748[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  156. Devereux RB, Dahlhoff B, Levy D, Pfeffer MA. Comparison of enalapril vs nifedipine to decrease left ventricular hypertrophy in systemic hypertension (the PRESERVE trial). Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:61–65[Web of Science][Medline]
  157. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M. Relations of Doppler stroke volume and its components to left ventricular stroke volume in normotensive and hypertensive American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:618–628
  158. Dahlof B, Devereux R, de Faire U. The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) in Hypertension study: rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:705–713[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  159. Schulman SP, Weiss JL, Becker LC. Effects of antihypertensive therapy on left ventricular mass in elderly patients. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1350–1356[Abstract]
  160. Trimarco B, De Lucca N, Riciardelli B. Cardiac function and systemic hypertension before and after reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:745–750[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  161. Muiesan ML, Agabetti-Rossi, Romanelli. Improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function after regression of cardiac hypertrophy, treatment withdrawal and redevelopment of hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1991;7:S179–181
  162. Iriarte M, Caso R, Murga N. Enalapril-induced regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy, regional ischaemia, and microvascular angina. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:850–852[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  163. Tan LB, Brilla CG, Weber KT. Prevention of structural changes in the heart in hypertension by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. J Hypertens. 1992;10:S31–34[CrossRef]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
H. S. Lim, R. J. MacFadyen, and G. Y. H. Lip
Diabetes Mellitus, the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and the Heart
Arch Intern Med, September 13, 2004; 164(16): 1737 - 1748.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
R. C. Sampaio, J. E. Tanus-Santos, S. E. S. F. C. Melo, S. Hyslop, K. G. Franchini, I. M. Luca, and H. Moreno Jr
Hypertension Plus Diabetes Mimics the Cardiomyopathy Induced by Nitric Oxide Inhibition in Rats
Chest, October 1, 2002; 122(4): 1412 - 1420.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
G. Y.H. Lip
Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Improved Prognosis: Some HOPE Now...or Hype?
Circulation, October 2, 2001; 104(14): 1582 - 1584.
[Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (21)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Disclaimer
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Lip, G.Y.H
Right arrow Articles by Beevers, D.G
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Lip, G.Y.H
Right arrow Articles by Beevers, D.G
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?