Copyright © 2001 by the European Society of Cardiology.
New normal limits for the paediatric electrocardiogram
a Institute of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
b Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
c Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Munich, Germany
revised July 21, 2000; accepted July 26, 2000
Abstract
Aims Previous studies that determined the normal limits for the paediatric ECG had their imperfections: ECGs were recorded at a relatively low sampling rate, ECG measurements were conducted manually, or normal limits were presented for only a limited set of parameters. The aim of this study was to establish an up-to-date and complete set of clinically relevant normal limits for the paediatric ECG.
Methods and Results ECGs from 1912 healthy Dutch children (age 11 days to 16 years) were recorded at a sampling rate of 1200Hz. The digitally stored ECGs were analysed using a well-validated ECG computer program. The normal limits of all clinically relevant ECG measurements were determined for nine age groups. Clinically significant differences were shown to exist, compared with previously established normal limits. Sex differences could be demonstrated for QRS duration and several amplitude measurements.
Conclusions These new normal limits differ substantially from those commonly used and suggest that diagnostic criteria for the paediatric ECG should be adjusted.
Key Words: Electrocardiography, paediatrics, normal limits, computer
f1 Correspondence: Peter R. Rijnbeek, MSc., Institute of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  B. Surawicz, R. Childers, B. J. Deal, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 17, 2009; 53(11): 976 - 981. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Rautaharju, B. Surawicz, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part IV: The ST Segment, T and U Waves, and the QT Interval A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 17, 2009; 53(11): 982 - 991. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. W. Hancock, B. J. Deal, D. M. Mirvis, P. Okin, P. Kligfield, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part V: Electrocardiogram Changes Associated With Cardiac Chamber Hypertrophy A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 17, 2009; 53(11): 992 - 1002. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Surawicz, R. Childers, B. J. Deal, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology Circulation, March 17, 2009; 119(10): e235 - e240. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Rautaharju, B. Surawicz, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part IV: The ST Segment, T and U Waves, and the QT Interval: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology Circulation, March 17, 2009; 119(10): e241 - e250. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. W. Hancock, B. J. Deal, D. M. Mirvis, P. Okin, P. Kligfield, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part V: Electrocardiogram Changes Associated With Cardiac Chamber Hypertrophy: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology Circulation, March 17, 2009; 119(10): e251 - e261. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Krasemann, C. Strompen, J. Blumenberg, J. Gehrmann, G. Burkhardtsmaier, and J. Vogt Changes of the corrected QT interval in healthy boys and girls over day and night Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2009; 30(2): 202 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kligfield, L. S. Gettes, J. J. Bailey, R. Childers, B. J. Deal, E. W. Hancock, G. van Herpen, J. A. Kors, P. Macfarlane, D. M. Mirvis, et al. Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part I: The Electrocardiogram and Its Technology A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 13, 2007; 49(10): 1109 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kligfield, L. S. Gettes, J. J. Bailey, R. Childers, B. J. Deal, E. W. Hancock, G. van Herpen, J. A. Kors, P. Macfarlane, D. M. Mirvis, et al. Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part I: The Electrocardiogram and Its Technology: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology Circulation, March 13, 2007; 115(10): 1306 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. F Dickinson The normal ECG in childhood and adolescence Heart, December 1, 2005; 91(12): 1626 - 1630. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Hong, D. R. Piper, A. Diaz-Valdecantos, J. Brugada, A. Oliva, E. Burashnikov, J. Santos-de-Soto, J. Grueso-Montero, E. Diaz-Enfante, P. Brugada, et al. De novo KCNQ1 mutation responsible for atrial fibrillation and short QT syndrome in utero Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2005; 68(3): 433 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A V Postma, I Denjoy, J Kamblock, M Alders, J-M Lupoglazoff, G Vaksmann, L Dubosq-Bidot, P Sebillon, M M A M Mannens, P Guicheney, et al. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: RYR2 mutations, bradycardia, and follow up of the patients J. Med. Genet., November 1, 2005; 42(11): 863 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Villain, I. Denjoy, J.M. Lupoglazoff, P. Guicheney, B. Hainque, V. Lucet, and D. Bonnet Low incidence of cardiac events with {beta}-blocking therapy in children with long QT syndrome Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2004; 25(16): 1405 - 1411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-M. Lupoglazoff, I. Denjoy, E. Villain, V. Fressart, F. Simon, A. Bozio, M. Berthet, N. Benammar, B. Hainque, and P. Guicheney Long QT syndrome in neonates: Conduction disorders associated with HERG mutations and sinus bradycardia with KCNQ1 mutations J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 3, 2004; 43(5): 826 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V. Postma, I. Denjoy, T. M. Hoorntje, J.-M. Lupoglazoff, A. Da Costa, P. Sebillon, M. M.A.M. Mannens, A. A.M. Wilde, and P. Guicheney Absence of Calsequestrin 2 Causes Severe Forms of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Circ. Res., October 18, 2002; 91 (8): e21 - e26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.J. Schwartz, A. Garson Jr, T. Paul, M. Stramba-Badiale, V.L. Vetter, E. Villain, and C. Wren Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2002; 23(17): 1329 - 1344. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.M. Lupoglazoff, T. Cheav, G. Baroudi, M. Berthet, I. Denjoy, B. Cauchemez, F. Extramiana, M. Chahine, and P. Guicheney Homozygous SCN5A Mutation in Long-QT Syndrome With Functional Two-to-One Atrioventricular Block Circ. Res., July 20, 2001; 89 (2): e16 - e21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|