Skip Navigation

European Heart Journal 2001 22(9):729-739; doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2172
Copyright © 2001 by the European Society of Cardiology.
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (70)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Eeckhout, E
Right arrow Articles by Kern, M.J
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Eeckhout, E
Right arrow Articles by Kern, M.J
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

Clinical Perspectives

The coronary no-reflow phenomenon: a review of mechanisms and therapies

E Eeckhouta,f1 and M.J Kernb

a Divison of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
b Division of Cardiology, St. Louis University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.

Received March 13, 2000; accepted March 15, 2000

Key Words: Blood flow, myocardial infarction, no-reflow, verapamil, vein graft, microcirculation

f1 Correspondence: Eric Eeckhout, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.

References

  1. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. The ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest. 1974;54:1496–1508[ISI][Medline]
  2. Ito H, Tomooka T, Sakai N. Lack of myocardial perfusion immediately after successful thrombolysis: a predictor of poor recovery of left ventricular function in anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1992;85:1699–1705[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Piana RN, Paik GY, Moscucci M. Incidence and treatment of ‘no-reflow’ after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 1994;89:2514–2518[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K. Clinical implications of the ‘no reflow’ phenomenon: a predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;93:223–228[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Krug A, de Rochemont WM, Korb G. Blood supply of the myocardium after temporary coronary occlusion. Circ Res. 1996;19:57–62
  6. Schofer J, Montz R, Mathey D. Scintigraphic evidence of the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon in human beings after coronary thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5:593–598[Abstract]
  7. Wilson RF, Laxson DD, Lesser JR, White CW. Intense microvascular constriction after angioplasty of acute thrombotic coronary arterial lesions. Lancet. 1989;1:807–811[ISI][Medline]
  8. Ito H, Iwakura K. Assessing the relation between coronary reflow and myocardial reflow. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:8G–12G[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  9. Abbo KM, Dooris M, Glazier S. Features and outcome of no-reflow after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:778–782[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  10. Majno G, Ames A, Chaing J, Wright RL. No reflow after cerebral ischemia. Lancet. 1967;2:569–570
  11. Summers WK, Jamieson RL. The no reflow phenomenon in renal ischemia. Lab. Invest. 1971;25:635–643[ISI][Medline]
  12. Willms-Kretschmer K, Majno G. Ischemia of the skin. Electron microscopic study of vascular injury. Am J Pathol. 1969;54:327–343[ISI][Medline]
  13. Bates ER, Krell MJ, Dean EN, O'Neill WW, Vogel RA. Demonstration of ‘no reflow’ phenomenon by digital coronary arteriography. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57:177–178[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  14. Pomerantz RM, Kuntz RE, Diver DJ, Safian RD, Baim DS. Intracoronary verapamil for the treatment of distal microvascular coronary artery spasm following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991;24:283–285[ISI][Medline]
  15. Feld H, Lichstien E, Schachter J, Shani J. Early and late angiographic findings of the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon following direct angioplasty as the primary treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1992;123:782–784[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  16. Van de Werf F. Thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Haemostatis. 1994;24:65–68[ISI][Medline]
  17. Ven de Werf F. Discrepancies between the effect of coronary reperfusion on survival and left ventricular function. Lancet. 1989;1:1367–1369[ISI][Medline]
  18. Passamani E. The Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:932–936[Medline]
  19. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL. TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation. 1996;93:879–888[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Lincoff AM, Topol EJ. Illusion of reperfusion: does anyone achieve optimal reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction? Circulation. 1993;88:1361–1374[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Santoro GM, Valenti R, Buonamici P. Relation between ST-segment changes and myocardial perfusion evaluated by myocardial contrast echocardiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by direct angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:932–937[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  22. Kloner RA. Does reperfusion exist in humans? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21:537–545[Abstract]
  23. Hearse DJ, Bolli R. Reperfusion induced injury: manifestations, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Cardiovasc Res. 1992;26:101–108[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Kloner RA, Przyklenk K, Wittaker P. Deleterious effect of oxygen radicals in ischemia/reperfusion: resolved and unresolved issues. Circulation. 1989;80:1115–1127[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Bolli R, Jeroudi MO, Patel BS. Marked reduction of free radical generation and contractile dysfunction by antioxidant therapy begun at the time of reperfusion. Evidence that myocardial ‘stunning’ is a manifestation of reperfusion injury. Circ Res. 1989;65:607–622[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Carrasquedo F, Glanc M, Fraga CG. Tissue damage in acute myocardial infarction: selective protection by vitamin E. Free Rad Biol Med. 1999;26:1587–1590[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  27. Grech ED, Dodd NJF, Jackson MJ, Morrison WL, Faragher B, Ramsdale DR. Evidence for free radical generation after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty recanalisation in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:122–127[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  28. Gregorini L, Marco J, Kozakova M. {alpha}-adrenergic blockade improves recovery of myocardial perfusion and function after coronary stenting in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1999;99:482–490[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Lefroy DC, Wharton J, Crake T. Regional changes in angiotension II receptor density after experimental myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:429–440[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  30. Murohara T, Buerke M, Lefer AM. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-induced vasocontraction and endothelial dysfunction. Role of selectins. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1509–1519[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Malliani A, Schwartz PJ, Zanchetti A. A sympathetic reflex elicited by experimental coronary occlusion. Am J Physiol. 1969;217:703–709[Free Full Text]
  32. Lyons D, Webster J, Benjamin N. Angiotension II: adrenergic sympathetic constrictor action in humans. Circulation. 1995;91:1457–1460[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Seydoux C, Goy JJ, Davies G. Platelet and neutrophyl imaging techniques in the investigation of the response to thrombolytic therapy and the no-reflow phenomenon. Am Heart J. 1993;125:1142–1147[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  34. Birbaum Y, Patterson M, Kloner RA. The effect of CY 1503, a sialyl Lewisx analog blocker of the selectin adhesion molecules, on infarct size and ‘no-reflow’ in the rabbit model of acute myocardial infarction/reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997;29:2013–2025[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  35. Paik GY, Caputo RP, Nunez BD, Baim DS, Carrozza JP. Thrombus contains soluble factors which decrease blood flow in swine coronary arteries through a nitrous oxide-dependent pathway. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:64A
  36. Rochitte CE, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA. Magnitude and time course of microvascular obstruction and tissue injury after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;98:1006–1014[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM. Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97:765–772[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Jeremy RW, Links JM, Becker CC. Progressive failure of coronary flow during reperfusion of myocardial infarction: documentation of the no-reflow phenomenon with positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:695–704[Abstract]
  39. Asunuma T, Tanabe K, Ochiai K. Relation between progressive microvascular damage and intramyocardial hemorrhage in patients with reperfused anterior myocardial infarction: myocardial contrast echocardiographic study. Circulation. 1997;96:448–453[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Iliceto S, Galiuto L, Marchese A, Colonna P, Oliva S, Rizzon P. Functional role of microvascular integrity in patients with infarct-related artery patency after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:618–624[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Agati L, Voci P, Autore C. Combined use of dobutamine echocardiography and myocardial contrast echocardiography in predicting regional dysfunction recovery after coronary revascularization in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:771–779[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. Czitrom D, Karila-Cohen D, Brochet E. Acute assessment of microvascular perfusion patterns by myocardial contrast echocardiography during myocardial infarction: relation to timing and extent of functional recovery. Heart. 1999;81:12–16[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  43. Villanueva FS, Camarano G, Ismail S, Goodman NC, Sklenar J, Kaul S. Coronary reserve abnormalities in the infarcted myocardium. Assessment of myocardial viability immediately versus late after reflow by contrast echocardiography. Circulation. 1996;94:748–754[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  44. Sirnes RJ, Topol EJ, Holmes DR. Link between the angiographic substudy and mortality outcomes in a large randomized trial of myocardial reperfusion: importance of early and complete infarct artery reperfusion. Circulation. 1995;91:1923–1928[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  45. Sherman JR, Anwar A, Bret JR, Schreibfeder MM. Distal vessel pullback angiography and pressure gradient measurements: an innovative diagnostic approach to evaluate the no-reflow phenomenon. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;39:1–6[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  46. Iwakura K, Hiroshi I, Shin T. Alternation in the coronary blood flow velocity pattern in patients with no reflow and reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;94:1269–1275[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  47. Ishihara M, Sato H, Tateishi H. Attenuation of the no-reflow phenomenon after coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with intracoronary papaverine. Am Heart J. 1996;132:959–963[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  48. Fischell TA, Carter AJ, Foster MT. Reversal of ‘no-reflow’ during vein graft stenting using high velocity boluses of intracoronary adenosine. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1998;45:366–367[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  49. Sakata Y, Kodama K, Ishikura F. Disappearance of the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon after adjunctive intracoronary administration of nicorandil in a patient with acute myocardial infarction. Jap Circ. 1997;61:455–458
  50. Hillegass WB, Dean NA, Rhinehart RG, Myers PR. Treatment of no-reflow with the intracoronary administration of the nitric oxide donor nitroprusside: initial human experience. Circulation. 1999;100:781
  51. Rawitscher D, Levin TN, Cohen I, Feldman T. Rapid reversal of no-reflow using abciximab after coronary device intervention. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1997;42:187–190[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  52. Kaplan BM, Benzuly KH, Kinn JW. Treatment of no-reflow in degenerated saphenous vein graft intervention: comparison of intracoronary verapamil and nitroglycerin. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;39:113–118[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  53. Ellis SG, Lincoff MA, Miller D. Reduction in complications of angioplasty with abciximab occurs largely independently of baseline lesion morphology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1619–1623[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  54. Moses JW, Whitlow PL, Kuntz RE. Myocardial infarction after rotational atherectomy: predictors and influence on late outcome in the STRATAS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:455A
  55. Reisman M, Shuman BJ, Dillard D. Analysis of low-speed rotational atherectomy for the reduction of platelet aggregation. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1998;45:208–214[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  56. Williams MS, Coller BS, Vaananen HJ, Scudder LE, Sharma SK, Marmur JD. Activation of platelets in platelet-rich plasma by rotablation is speed-dependent and can be inhibited by abciximab. Circulation. 1998;98:742–748[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  57. Koch KC, vom Dahl J, Kleinhans E. Influence of platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists on myocardial hypoperfusion during rotational atherectomy as assessed by myocardial Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:99–1004
  58. Hanna GP, Yhiop P, Fujise K. Intracoronary adenosine administered during rotational atherectomy of complex lesions in native coronary arteries reduces the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv. 1999;48:275–278[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  59. Cohen BM, Weber VJ, Blum RR. Cocktail attenuation of rotational ablation flow effects (CARAFE) pilot study. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;Suppl 3:69–72[Medline]
  60. Baim DS, Carrozza JP. Understanding the no-reflow problem. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;39:7–8[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  61. O'Murchu B, Foreman RD, Shaw RE, Brown DL, Peterson KL, Buchbinder M. Role of intraaortic balloon pump counterpulsation in high risk coronary rotational atherectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1270–1275[Abstract]
  62. Port SC, Patel S, Schmidt DH. Effects of intracoronary balloon counterpulsation on myocardial blood flow in patients with severe coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3:1367–1374[Abstract]
  63. Kern MJ, Aguirre F, Bach R, Donohue T, Siegel R, Segal J. Augmentation of coronary blood flow by intra-aortic balloon pumping in patients after coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1993;87:500–511[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  64. Webb JG, Carere RG, Virmani R. Retrieval and analysis of particulate debris after saphenous vein graft intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:468–475[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  65. Shaknovich A, Forman ST, Parikh MA. Novel distal occluder washout method for the prevention of no-reflow during stenting of saphenous vein grafts. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent. 1999;47:397–403[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  66. Carlino M, De Gregorio J, Di Mario C. Prevention of distal embolization during saphenous vein graft lesion angioplasty. Experience with a new temporary occlusion and aspiration system. Circulation. 1999;99:3221–3223[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  67. Savage MP, Ramee SR, Ho KKL. Rheolytic thrombectomy for the treatment of aortocoronary venous bypass graft thrombosis: results of the VEGAS II trial. Circulation. 1999;100:435
  68. Braden GA, Xenopoulos NP, Young T, Utley L, Kutcher MA, Applegate RJ. Transluminal extraction catheter atherectomy followed by immediate stenting in treatment of saphenous vein grafts. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:657–663[Abstract]
  69. Rosenschein U, Gaul G, Erbel R. Percutaneous transluminal therapy of occluded saphenous vein grafts: can the challenge be met with ultrasound thrombolysis. Circulation. 1999;99:26–29[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  70. Taniyama Y, Ito H, Iwakura K. Beneficial effect of intracoronary verapamil on microvascular and myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1193–1199[Abstract]
  71. Ito H, Taniyama Y, Iwakura K. Intravenous nicorandil can preserve microvascular integrity and myocardial viability in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:654–660[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  72. Neumann FJ, Blasini R, Schmitt C. Effect of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade on recovery of coronary flow and left ventricular function after the placement of coronary-artery stents in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;98:2695–2701[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
G. De Luca, D. Dudek, G. Sardella, P. Marino, B. Chevalier, and F. Zijlstra
Adjunctive manual thrombectomy improves myocardial perfusion and mortality in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials
Eur. Heart J., September 5, 2008; (2008) ehn389v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll Cardiol IntvHome page
E. R. Bates
Aspirating and Filtering Atherothrombotic Debris During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., June 1, 2008; 1(3): 265 - 267.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arch OphthalmolHome page
J. Singh
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Following Viperine Snake Bite--Reply
Arch Ophthalmol, June 1, 2008; 126(6): 870 - 871.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
A. Lerman, D. R. Holmes, J. Herrmann, and B. J. Gersh
Microcirculatory dysfunction in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: cause, consequence, or both?
Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2007; 28(7): 788 - 797.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
S A Harding
The role of vasodilators in the prevention and treatment of no-reflow following percutaneous coronary intervention
Heart, September 1, 2006; 92(9): 1191 - 1193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
Y-J Yang, J-L Zhao, S-J You, Y-J Wu, Z-C Jing, W-X Yang, L Meng, Y-W Wang, and R-L Gao
Different effects of tirofiban and aspirin plus clopidogrel on myocardial no-reflow in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion
Heart, August 1, 2006; 92(8): 1131 - 1137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
G De Luca, H Suryapranata, and M Chiariello
Aspiration thrombectomy and primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Heart, July 1, 2006; 92(7): 867 - 869.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CLIN APPL THROMB HEMOSTHome page
A. K. Bilge, Y. Nisanci, E. Yilmaz, B. Ozben, A. Oncul, F. Mercanoglu, and M. Meric
Effects of Percutaneous Coronary Thrombectomywith the X-Sizer Catheter on Epicardial Flow and Microvascular Function in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, October 1, 2005; 11(4): 461 - 466.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart J SupplHome page
D. Dudek, W. Mielecki, A. Dziewierz, J. Legutko, and J. S. Dubiel
The role of thrombectomy and embolic protection devices
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2005; 7(suppl_I): I15 - I20.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
W. A. Parham, A. Bouhasin, J. P. Ciaramita, S. Khoukaz, S. C. Herrmann, and M. J. Kern
Coronary Hyperemic Dose Responses of Intracoronary Sodium Nitroprusside
Circulation, March 16, 2004; 109(10): 1236 - 1243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
G. De Luca, A. W.J. van't Hof, M.-J. de Boer, J. C.A. Hoorntje, A.T. M. Gosselink, J.-H. E. Dambrink, J. P. Ottervanger, F. Zijlstra, and H. Suryapranata
Impaired Myocardial Perfusion Is a Major Explanation of the Poor Outcome Observed in Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty for ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Signs of Heart Failure
Circulation, March 2, 2004; 109(8): 958 - 961.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
U. Limbruno, A. Micheli, M. De Carlo, G. Amoroso, R. Rossini, C. Palagi, V. Di Bello, A. S. Petronio, G. Fontanini, and M. Mariani
Mechanical Prevention of Distal Embolization During Primary Angioplasty: Safety, Feasibility, and Impact on Myocardial Reperfusion
Circulation, July 15, 2003; 108(2): 171 - 176.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
P.P. Dimitrow and J.S. Dubiel
Impairment of coronary microvascular flow in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2002; 23(12): 991 - 991.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
G. Beran, I. Lang, W. Schreiber, S. Denk, T. Stefenelli, B. Syeda, G. Maurer, D. Glogar, and P. Siostrzonek
Intracoronary Thrombectomy With the X-Sizer Catheter System Improves Epicardial Flow and Accelerates ST-Segment Resolution in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study
Circulation, May 21, 2002; 105(20): 2355 - 2360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
BloodHome page
D. Bonderman, A. Teml, J. Jakowitsch, C. Adlbrecht, M. Gyongyosi, W. Sperker, H. Lass, W. Mosgoeller, D. H. Glogar, P. Probst, et al.
Coronary no-reflow is caused by shedding of active tissue factor from dissected atherosclerotic plaque
Blood, April 15, 2002; 99(8): 2794 - 2800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
A. Tanaka, T. Kawarabayashi, Y. Nishibori, T. Sano, Y. Nishida, D. Fukuda, K. Shimada, and J. Yoshikawa
No-Reflow Phenomenon and Lesion Morphology in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Circulation, May 7, 2002; 105(18): 2148 - 2152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (70)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Eeckhout, E
Right arrow Articles by Kern, M.J
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Eeckhout, E
Right arrow Articles by Kern, M.J
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?