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European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on November 29, 2004
European Heart Journal 2005 26(4):376-383; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi009
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© The European Society of Cardiology 2004. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions{at}oupjournals.org

In vivo heating of pacemaker leads during magnetic resonance imaging

Roger Luechinger1, Volkert A. Zeijlemaker2, Erik Morre Pedersen3, Peter Mortensen3, Erling Falk3, Firat Duru4, Reto Candinas4 and Peter Boesiger1,*

1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
2Medtronic, Bakken Research Center, BV., Maastricht, The Netherlands
3Skejby Sygehus, MR-Center and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
4Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland

Received 6 February 2004; revised 6 September 2004; accepted 9 September 2004; online publish-ahead-of-print 29 November 2004.

* Corresponding author. Tel: +41 1 632 45 81; fax: +41 1 632 11 93. E-mail address: boesiger{at}biomed.ee.ethz.ch

See page 325 for the editorial comment on this article (doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi084)

Aims Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well established as an important diagnostic tool in medicine. However, the presence of a cardiac pacemaker is usually regarded as a contraindication for MRI due to safety reasons. In this study, heating effects at the myocardium–pacemaker lead tip interface have been investigated in a chronic animal model during MRI at 1.5 Tesla.

Methods and results Pacemaker leads with additional thermocouple wires as temperature sensors were implanted in nine animals. Temperature increases of up to 20°C were measured during MRI of the heart. Significant impedance and minor stimulation threshold changes could be seen. However, pathology and histology could not clearly demonstrate heat-induced damage.

Conclusions MRI may produce considerable heating at the lead tip. Changes of pacing parameters due to MRI could be seen in chronic experiments. Potential risk of tissue damage cannot be excluded even though no reproducible alterations at the histological level could be found.

Key Words: Magnetic resonance imaging • Pacemakers • Heating • In vivo • Safety • Electromagnetic interference


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