European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on May 30, 2006
European Heart Journal 2006 27(11):1341-1381; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001
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© The European Society of Cardiology 2006. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary
The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology
Authors/Task Force Members,
Madrid (Spain)
Parma (Italy)
Katowice (Poland)
London (UK)
Roma (Italy)
London (UK)
Ghent (Belgium)
Stockholm (Sweden)
Madrid (Spain)
Toulouse (France)
Leiria (Portugal)
London (UK)
Stuttgart (Germany)
Rotterdam (The Netherlands)
Aarhus (Denmark)
ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG),
(Italy)
(France)
(Poland)
(UK)
(France)
(The Netherlands)
(Norway)
(Greece)
(France)
(Italy)
(Portugal)
(Germany)
(Spain)
(Spain)
Document Reviewers,
(Spain)
(Italy)
(UK)
(Germany)
(UK)
(UK)
(Spain)
(Austria)
(Greece)
(Italy)
(Austria)
(Poland)
(Switzerland)
(Italy)
(Germany)
* Corresponding author: Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK. Tel: +44 207 351 8626; fax: +44 207 351 8629. E-mail address: k.fox@rbh.nthames.nhs.uk
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
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Preamble |
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Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents aim to present management recommendations based on all the relevant evidences on a particular subject in order to help physicians to select the best possible management strategies for the individual patient, suffering from a specific condition, not only taking into account the impact on outcome, but also the risk–benefit ratio of a particular diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. Numerous studies have demonstrated that patient outcomes improve when guideline recommendations, based on the rigorous assessment of evidence-based research, are applied in clinical practice.
A great number of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and also by other organizations or related societies. The profusion of documents can put at stake the authority and credibility of guidelines, particularly if discrepancies appear between different documents on the same issue, as this can lead to confusion in the minds
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Introduction |
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Definition and pathophysiology |
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Epidemiology |
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Natural history and prognosis |
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Diagnosis and assessment |
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Symptoms and signs
Laboratory tests
Recommendations for laboratory investigation in initial assessment of angina
Recommendations for blood tests for routine re-assessment in patients with chronic stable angina
Chest X-ray
Recommendations for CXR for initial diagnostic assessment of angina
Non-invasive cardiac investigations
Resting ECG
Recommendations for resting ECG for initial diagnostic assessment of angina
Recommendations for resting ECG for routine re-assessment in patients with chronic stable angina
ECG stress testing
Recommendations for exercise ECG for initial diagnostic assessment of angina
Recommendations for exercise ECG for routine re-assessment in patients with chronic stable angina
Stress testing in combination with imaging
Exercise testing with echocardiography
Exercise testing with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
Pharmacological stress testing with imaging techniques
Recommendations for the use of exercise stress with imaging techniques (either echocardiography or perfusion) in the initial diagnostic assessment of angina
Recommendations for the use of pharmacological stress with imaging techniques (either echocardiography or perfusion) in the initial diagnostic assessment of angina
Stress cardiac magnetic resonance
Echocardiography at rest
Recommendations for echocardiography for initial diagnostic assessment of angina
Ambulatory ECG monitoring
Recommendations for ambulatory ECG for initial diagnostic assessment of angina
Non-invasive techniques to assess coronary calcification and coronary anatomy
Computed tomography
Recommendations for the use of CT angiography in stable angina
Magnetic resonance arteriography
Invasive techniques to assess coronary anatomy
Coronary arteriography
Recommendations for coronary arteriography for the purposes of establishing a diagnosis in stable angina
Risk stratification
Risk stratification using clinical evaluation
Recommendations for risk stratification by clinical evaluation, including ECG and laboratory tests, in stable angina
Risk stratification using stress testing
Exercise ECG
Stress echocardiography
Stress perfusion scintigraphy
Recommendations for risk stratification according to exercise stress ECG in stable angina in patients who can exercise
Recommendations for risk stratification according to exercise stress imaging (perfusion or echocardiography) in stable angina in patients who can exercise
Recommendations for risk stratification according to pharmacological stress imaging (perfusion or echocardiography) in stable angina
Risk stratification using ventricular function
Recommendations for risk stratification by echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular function in stable angina
Risk stratification using coronary arteriography
Recommendations for risk stratification by coronary arteriography in patients with stable angina
Special diagnostic considerations: angina with ‘normal’ coronary arteries
Syndrome X
Clinical picture
Prognosis
Diagnosis of Syndrome X
Recommendations for investigation in patients with the classical triad of Syndrome X
Vasospastic/variant angina
Clinical picture
Natural history and prognosis
Diagnosis of vasospastic angina
ECG
Coronary arteriography
Recommendations for diagnostic tests in suspected vasospastic angina
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Treatment |
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Aims of treatment
To improve prognosis by preventing myocardial infarction and death
To minimize or abolish symptoms
General management
Hypertension, diabetes and other disorders
Sexual intercourse
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Pharmacological treatment of stable angina pectoris |
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Pharmacological therapy to improve prognosis
Antithrombotic drugs
Low-dose aspirin
Cyclooxygenase-(COX)-2 inhibitors and NSAID's
Clopidogrel
Antiplatelet therapy in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance to aspirin
Dipyridamole and anticoagulants
Aspirin resistance
Lipid-lowering drugs
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Recommendations for pharmacological therapy to improve prognosis in patients with stable angina
Pharmacological treatment of symptoms and ischaemia
Short-acting nitrates
Long-acting nitrates
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Comparison of beta-blocker and calcium antagonist (CCB) treatment in stable angina
Comparison of nitrates with beta-blockers or CCB's
Potassium channel openers
Other agents
Recommendations for pharmacological therapy
Recommendations for pharmacological therapy to improve symptoms and/or reduce ischaemia in patients with stable angina
Special therapeutic considerations: cardiac Syndrome X and vasospastic angina
Treatment of Syndrome X
Recommendations for pharmacological therapy to improve symptoms in patients with Syndrome X
Treatment of vasopastic angina
Recommendations for pharmacological therapy of vasospastic angina
Myocardial revascularization
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Elective stent insertion and DES
Revascularization vs. medical therapy
PCI vs. surgery
Specific patient and lesion subsets
Indications for revascularization
Recommendations for revascularization to improve prognosis in patients with stable angina
Recommendations for revascularization to improve symptoms in patients with stable angina
Special subgroups
Women
Diabetes mellitus
The elderly
Chronic refractory angina
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Conclusions and recommendations |
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