European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on May 25, 2006
European Heart Journal 2006 27(13):1592-1596; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl043
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The temporal relationship between heart rate recovery immediately after exercise and the metabolic syndrome: the CARDIA study
1 Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
2 Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
3 Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
4 Divison of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland CA, USA
Received 21 December 2005; revised 28 March 2006; accepted 4 May 2006; online publish-ahead-of-print 25 May 2006.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +1 312 908 7914; fax: +1 312 908 9588. E-mail address: carnethon{at}northwestern.edu
Aims Slower heart rate recovery (HRR) following exercise is associated with the metabolic syndrome, yet the temporal relationship between the two remains unknown. We investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of slower HRR following a graded exercise treadmill test (GXT) with metabolic syndrome components and LDL-C.
Methods and results Participants aged 18–30 from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study underwent a symptom-limited maximal GXT at baseline (n=4319) and 7 years later. HRR was calculated as the difference between maximum heart rate (HR) and HR 2 min after test cessation. Slower baseline HRR was associated with a higher cross-sectional level but not longitudinal (15 year follow-up) increases in blood pressure, triglyceride, waist circumference, and LDL-C. No cross-sectional or longitudinal association was observed between HRR and HDL-C. In contrast, participants with one or two or more metabolic syndrome components (National Cholesterol Education Program III and American Diabetes Association criterion) at baseline examination had significantly larger longitudinal declines in HRR [–3.48 (P<0.05) and–5.64 bpm (P<0.001), respectively] from baseline to year 7, when compared with participants without syndrome components (–2.40 bpm).
Conclusion Slower HRR does not precede development of the metabolic syndrome, but appears after syndrome components are present.
Key Words: Autonomic nervous system • Metabolic syndrome • Heart rate recovery • Coronary risk factors • Exercise treadmill • Insulin resistance
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