European Heart Journal Advance Access originally published online on February 23, 2006
European Heart Journal 2006 27(6):713-721; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi808
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Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
1Cardiac Imaging and Research Centre, Wellington Hospital (South), Wellington Place, St John's Wood, London NW8 9LE, UK
2William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
3Department of Cardiology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
4Department of Endocrinology, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
5Departments of Imaging and Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
6Department of Endocrinology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
Received 3 July 2005; revised 3 December 2005; accepted 1 February 2006; online publish-ahead-of-print 23 February 2006.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +44 2074835062; fax: +44 2074835083. E-mail address: vdanand{at}hotmail.com
See page 631 for the editorial comment on this article (doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi612)
Aims To determine the prevalence and clinical predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes and assess their relationship to short-term outcome.
Methods and results Established risk factors and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores were prospectively measured in 510 asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects (mean age 53±8 years, 61% males) without prior cardiovascular disease. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) was performed in all subjects with CAC>100 Agatston units (AU) (n=127), and a random sample of the remaining patients with CAC
100 AU (n=53). Significant CAC (>10 AU) was found in 46.3%. Twenty events occurred (two coronary deaths, nine non-fatal myocardial infarctions, three acute coronary syndromes, three non-haemorrhagic strokes, and three late revascularisations) during a median follow-up of 2.2 years (25th–75th percentile=1.9–2.5 years). The age, systolic blood pressure, the duration of diabetes, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk score, CAC score, and extent of myocardial perfusion abnormality were significant predictors of time to cardiovascular events in a univariable Cox proportional hazard model. No cardiac events or perfusion abnormalities occurred in subjects with CAC10 AU up until 2 years of follow-up. CAC and MPS findings were synergistic for the prediction of short-term cardiovascular events.
Conclusion Subclinical atherosclerosis, measured by CAC imaging, is superior to the established cardiovascular risk factors for predicting silent myocardial ischaemia and short-term outcome. Further studies evaluating the impact of CAC imaging on clinical outcomes and its cost effectiveness are warranted.
Key Words: Diabetes mellitus • Atherosclerosis • Coronary calcium • Ischaemia • Prognosis
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