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European Heart Journal Advance Access published online on November 29, 2004
European Heart Journal, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi009
Copyright © 2004 by the European Society of Cardiology.
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Preclinical paper

In vivo heating of pacemaker leads during magnetic resonance imaging

Roger Luechinger 1, Volkert A. Zeijlemaker 2, Erik Morre Pedersen 3, Peter Mortensen 3, Erling Falk 3, Firat Duru 4, Reto Candinas 4, and Peter Boesiger 1*

1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
2 Medtronic, Bakken Research Center, BV., Maastricht, The Netherlands
3 Skejby Sygehus, MR-Center and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
4 Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Peter Boesiger, E-mail: boesiger{at}biomed.ee.ethz.ch


  Abstract

Aims Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well established as an important diagnostic tool in medicine. However, the presence of a cardiac pacemaker is usually regarded as a contraindication for MRI due to safety reasons. In this study, heating effects at the myocardium-pacemaker lead tip interface have been investigated in a chronic animal model during MRI at 1.5Tesla.

Methods and results Pacemaker leads with additional thermocouple wires as temperature sensors were implanted in nine animals. Temperature increases of up to 20°C were measured during MRI of the heart. Significant impedance and minor stimulation threshold changes could be seen. However, pathology and histology could not clearly demonstrate heat-induced damage.

Conclusions MRI may produce considerable heating at the lead tip. Changes of pacing parameters due to MRI could be seen in chronic experiments. Potential risk of tissue damage cannot be excluded even though no reproducible alterations at the histological level could be found.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; Pacemakers; Heating; In vivo; SafetyElectromagnetic interference.
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