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European Heart Journal Advance Access published online on June 9, 2005
European Heart Journal, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi329
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European Heart Journal © The European Society of Cardiology 2005; all rights reserved
Received November 14, 2004
Revised April 19, 2005
Accepted April 22, 2005

Clinical research

Psychological distress and cardiovascular disease: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey

Amy K. Ferketich 1* and Philip F. Binkley 2

1 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Ohio State University School of Public Health, B-116 Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
2 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Amy K. Ferketich, E-mail: aferketich{at}sph.osu.edu


  Abstract

Aims The objective of this study was to examine the burden of psychological distress among individuals with different forms of heart disease in a large representative sample of adults.

Methods and results Data were obtained from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, which is a large annual survey of the US non-institutionalized civilian population. Psychological distress was assessed with a standardized questionnaire (K6) and heart disease diagnoses were based on self-report. Among non-diseased individuals, the estimated prevalence of psychological distress was 2.8%, whereas the estimates were 10, 6.4, and 4.1% among those with congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively. Over 1 million individuals with one or more of these conditions are estimated to experience psychological distress. However, only 31-35% of the participants with heart disease and psychological distress have visited a mental health professional. The logistic regression model results indicate that MI (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-3.0) and CHF (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8-5.1) are significantly associated with psychological distress.

Conclusion These findings imply that psychological distress is a significant comorbidity of cardiovascular disease. Other investigations have demonstrated a link between psychological distress and morbidity and mortality. Taken together, these findings provide the impetus for future investigations that assess the role that a medical and mental health care professional intervention may have in altering these outcomes when targeted at this distress.

Keywords: Psychological distress; Mental health; Heart failure; Myocardial infarction.
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