European Heart Journal Advance Access published online on November 28, 2006
European Heart Journal, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl389
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Carbohydrate nutrition, glycaemic load, and plasma lipids: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
2 Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
4 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Received 25 January 2006; revised 20 September 2006; accepted 31 October 2006.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +1 803 777 9414; fax: +1 803 777 2524. E-mail address: liese{at}sc.edu
Aims We evaluated the relationship of carbohydrate nutrition and selected food groups with lipids using data from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS Exam I, 1992–1994).
Methods and results A total of 1026 middle-aged adults with normal or impaired glucose tolerance had complete data on fasting lipids and usual dietary intake from an interviewer-administered, validated food frequency questionnaire. Published glycaemic index (GI) values were assigned to food items and average dietary GI and glycaemic load (GL) were calculated per participant. Intake of carbohydrates differed by gender, men consuming more absolute digestible carbohydrates with higher GI and GL than women. In multivariate models adjusting for energy intake, in men, GL and carbohydrates were associated positively with total and LDL cholesterol, and inversely with HDL. In women, associations were limited to triglycerides. We estimated that a 100 g higher intake in GL or carbohydrates was associated with a 7–8 mg/dL higher total or LDL cholesterol level in men, and a 13–17 mg/dL higher triglyceride level in women. In the combined sample, GL and carbohydrates were consistently associated with all lipid levels and GI was inversely associated with HDL cholesterol.
Conclusion Our findings underscore the importance of carbohydrate nutrition for plasma lipids.
Key Words: Glycaemic index • Glycaemic load • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Cholesterol • Triglycerides • Nutrition
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